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Hormones of Reproductive
Systems
Group Victors
S. No. Topics Presented By-
1. Introduction of Reproductive System Devendra Pandey
2. Menstrual Cycle Maulik Bhai Patel
3. Estrogen Axar Parmar
4. Progesterone Jagdish Prajapati
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone Sanket Patel
6. L Hormone Reema Sansare
7. H C G Abhinandan Jadhav
8. Prolactin Trupti Mulik
9. Oxytocin Rohan Desai
10. Androgen Mayur Amin
• The ability to reproduce is one of the properties which distinguishes living from non-living matter.
• The reproductive system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction.
• The Major organs include-
a. genitalia (penis and vulva)
b. Internal organs (testicles and ovaries)
• Both males and females produce specialised reproductive germ cells, called gametes. The male gametes are called spermatozoa and the female gametes are called ova.
Female Reproductive Systems Male Reproductive Systems
• Formation of female gametes, ova
• Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
•Provision of suitable environments for fertilisation of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
• Parturition (childbirth)
• Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
• production of male gametes, spermatozoa
•transmission of spermatozoa to the female.
• Some Important Parts are-• Scrotum• Testes• Spermatic Cords• Seminal Vesicles• Prostate Glands• Urethra & Penis
• External Genitalia (Vulva)- Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, The vaginal orifice The vestibule, hymen and the vestibular glands.
• Internal Genitalia- Vagina Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tubes)
Uterus Ovaries
• The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal’s torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants.
• 1 Anatomy – 1.1 Lymphatic drainage. – 1.2 Shape and support. – 1.3 Development.
• 2 Function – 2.1 Breastfeeding. – 2.2 Sexual role.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
- MAULIKBHAI PATEL
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLEThe cyclic events that take place in a rhythmic
fashion during the reproductive period of woman’s life is called “Female Reproductive Cycle”.
Duration: 28 days (24 - 35 days)
– Absent upto 12-14 years
– Again stops after 45-50 years
Phases:
– Menstrual Phase (1 – 5 day)
– Pre ovulatory Phase (6 – 13 day)• Ovulation (14 day)
– Post ovulatory Phase(15 – 28 day)
Biochemistry of gonadal hormones (Estrogen)
ByAxar Parmar
Estrogen
• Estrus + gen/gonos• Steroid hormones produced predominantly by the
ovaries.• Although the adrenals, placenta, and other organs
may contribute. • Roles in both males and females.
– Males: growth spurt, skeletal maturation, maturation of sperm, healthy libido.
– Females: development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, regulate menstrual cycle, skeletal maturation.
Types
(1) Steroidal
(2) Non-steroidal
CH3OH
H
H
H
HO
ESTRADIOL
CH3
H
H
H
HO
O
ESTRONE
CH3OH
H
H
H
HO
OH
ESTRIOL
Steroidal Estrogens
Non-steroidal Estrogens
• Xeno-estrogens
• Phyto-estrogens
• Myco-estrogens
Bio-synthesis
• 1⁰-Developing follicles in the ovaries, the corpus luteum, and the placenta.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
• Other tissues - Liver, adrenal glands, and the breasts.
Estrone(produced in both male and female
adipose cells)
Pathways for the synthesis of testosterone (testes) and the estrogens estradiol (ovaries) and estrone (adipose cells)
Cholesterol Pregnenolone Progesterone
Progesterone Androstenedione Testosterone(pathway ends here in testes)
Estradiol(pathway continues to here
in ovaries)
Aromatase
Aromatase
Target Tissues in Females & Males
Also: Colon (& Intestine) Bladder & Urogenital Tract Lung
Korach, 2001
Actions of estrogens
• On sexual organs (primary and secondary sexual characteristics)
• ovaries : stimulate follicular growth; small doses cause an increase in weight of ovary; large doses cause atrophy
• uterus: endometrial growth• vagina: thickening and stratification of
epithelium• cervix: increase of cervical mucous with a
lowered viscosity (favoring sperm access)
Actions of estrogens• Development and maintenance of internal
(fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina), and external genitalia
• skin: increase in vascularization, development of soft, textured and smooth skin
• bone: increase osteoblastic activity• electrolytes: retention of Na+, Cl- and water by
the kidney• cholesterol: hypocholesterolemic effect (↑HDL,↓ LDL)• GI Tract: reduction of bowel motility
Medical Uses of Estrogen
• Oral contraceptives• Menopausal hormone
therapy (Bone, Vagina, Heart)• Breast Cancer• Prostate Cancer• Hypoestrogenism• Wound healing
Steroidal Estrogenic Drugs:• Estradiol:
– Most active natural estrogen.– Very short duration of action due to first pass metabolism.– Mainly used for local effect on the uterus.
• Ethinyl estradiol:– 15- 20 more potent than estradiol orally.
HO
OHC CH
HO
OH
17-estradiol Ethinyl estradiol(Stertoidal Semisynthetic estrogen)
Nonsteroidal Estrogens• Diethylstilbesterol:
– The trans form is the active one.– Advantages:
• As active as Estradiol.• Longer duration of action.• Orally active• Cheap.
– Disadvantages:• Increase the risk of uterine cancer.
– Uses:• Treatment of prostate cancer.
OH
HO
PROGESTERONE
BY : - JAGDISH PRAJAPATI
Progesterone(pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione)
• Steroid hormone synthesized predominantly by the
corpus luteum and placenta during the
postovulatory or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
• During pregnancy, the placenta takes over the
production of progesterone.
• The adrenal cortex is also a source of small amounts
of progesterone.
SYNTHESIS OF PROGESTERONE
EFFECTS OG PROGESTERONE
• Reproductive system• Nervous system• Thermogenic function• Smooth muscle
• As OCS
• HRT
• Dysmenorrhoea
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Endometriosis
• Threatened abortion
• post-partum lactation
• Endometrial cancer
Clinical uses of Progesterone
Adverse effects of Progesterone• Breast enlargement, headache, rise in body temp.,
oedema, acne & mood swings
• Masculinization of external genitalia in the foetus
• Increased incidences of congenital abnormalities
• Irregular bleeding or amenorrhea
• Lower HDL (19-nortestosterone derivatives)
• Hyperglycemia
METABOLISM OF PROGESTERONE• Progesterone undergoes high first pass metabolism.
Therefore synthetic preparations are more commonly used.
• Progesterone esters in oily solution for i.m. administration
• Plasma half life :- 5 minute
DRUGS
PROGESTERONE AGONISTS
• Prometrium
• Prochieve
• Crinone
PROGESTERONE ANTAGONISTS
• Mifepristol
Mifepristone• 19-nor-steroid derivative
Mechanism:
• Blocks progest. &
glucocorticoid receptors
• During luteal phase:
Pregest. PGs
Menstrual bleeding
• Sensitize myocardium to PGs.
• HCG production falls
Uses:
• Termination of early pregnancy – along with prostaglandin
• Post-coital contraceptive
• Once a month contraceptive
• Progesterone sensitive tumors
• Cushing’s syndrome
Side effects:
Vomiting, diarrhoea, pelvic pain or abdominal pain, about 5% have severe vaginal bleeding
Precaution: Not to be given to a woman with suspected ectopic pregnancy, hematological disorders, receiving oral anticoagulants,Liver/renal diseases
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
By Sanket Patel
Introduction
• It is synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes of the Anterior Pituitary Gland.
• FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.
• FSH and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction.
Biochemical Structure• FSH is a glycoprotein.• The Protein Dimer contains 2 polypeptide units,
labeled alpha and beta subunits. • The alpha subunits contain 92 amino acids.• The beta subunits vary but generally contain 118
amino acids.• The sugar part of the hormone is composed of
fructose, galactose, mannose, galactosamine, glucosamine and sialic acid.
• The Half-life of FSH is 3-4 hours. Its molecular wt is 30,000.
Biochemical Functions
• In both males and females, FSH stimulates the maturation of germ cells.
• In males, FSH stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis.
• In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes and is critical for spermatogenesis.
• In females, FSH initiates follicular growth, increases the weight of the ovaries and enhances the production of estrogens.
High FSH Levels
• Premature menopause also known as Premature Ovarian Failure
• Poor ovarian reserve also known as Premature Ovarian Aging
• Gonadal Dysgenesis or Turner syndrome • Castration • Certain forms of CAH • Testicular failure.
Low FSH Levels
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome + Obesity +
Hirsutism + Infertility • Kallmann syndrome • Hypothalamic suppression • Hypopituitarism• Hyperprolactinemia • Gonadotropin Deficiency
•Luteinizing Hormone
Definition
• Luteinizing hormone (LH), also known as lutropin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
• In the female, an acute rise LH – the LH surge – triggers ovulation.
• In the male, where LH had also been called Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH),it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone.
Functions
• In Female,– it controls the length and sequence of the female
menstrual cycle, – including ovulation, – preparation the uterus for implantation of a
fertilized egg, and – ovarian production of both estrogen and
progesterone. • In males,
– it stimulates the testes to produce androgen.
STRUCTURE
• LH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein.
• Each monomeric unit is a glycoprotein molecule;– one alpha and
– one beta subunit make the full, functional protein.
• The protein dimer contains 2 glycopeptidic subunits, labeled alpha and beta subunits, that are non-covalently associated (i.e. without any disulfide bridge linking them).
STRUCTURE Cont…
• The alpha subunits of LH contain 92 amino acids in human but 96 amino acids in almost all other vertebrate species (glycoprotein hormones do not exist in invertebrates).
• The beta subunits vary. LH has a beta subunit of 121 amino acids (LHB) that confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for the specificity of the interaction with the LH receptor.
SYNTHESIS
AVAILABILITY• LH is available mixed with FSH in the form of
Pergonal, and other forms of urinary gonadotropins .
• Recombinant LH is available as lutropin alfa (Luveris).
• All these medications have to be given parenterally.
• They are commonly used in infertility therapy to stimulate follicular development, notably in IVF therapy.
Diseases related with the efficiency of LH
• Diminished secretion of LH can result in failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism).
• This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm.
• In females, amenorrhea is commonly observed.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
• A hormone produced by the placenta that during the pregnancy
• HCG is shows up in urine and in blood (HCG is what shows up in pregnancy tests)
• HCG is measured in term of mlu/ml.
Structure of HCG
Weeks after LMP HCG levels for single baby
( in mIU/ml )
3 weeks 0 to 5
4 weeks 5 to 426
5 weeks 18 to 7340
6 weeks 1080 to 56500
7-8 weeks 7650 to 229000
9-12 weeks 25700 to 288000
13 to 16 weeks 13300 to 254000
17 to 24 weeks 4060 to 165400
25 weeks to childbirth
3640 to 117000
How HCG level increases
HCG level in mIU/ml Requited time to double
Below 1200 48-72 hrs
Between 1200-6000 72-96
Above 6000 96<
How HCG help in pregnancy report
HCG level in mlu/ml Report
5 Negative
5-25 Positive / Negative
25< Positive
Functions
1. To support the corpus luteum producing progesterone when conception occurs.
2. Accelerate ovulation & formulation of corpus luteum & to increase animal sexual desire.
3. Stimulation of ovulation in females.4. In hypogonadism ( lack of function of the
gonad ovaries).
Side effects
1 Gynecomastia (the development of abnormally large mammary gland in males)
2 Head ache3 Depression4 Restlessness & tiredness5 Oedema
PROLACTIN
PROLACTIN
Prolactin (PRL) or Luteotropic hormone (LTH) is a peptide hormone discovered by Dr. Henry Friesen.
Prolactin is secreted by the anterior pitutary gland.
Prolactin stimulates in milk production and secretion.
PROLACTIN (PRL)
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR INCREASING MILK SUPPLY
Metoclopramide
Domperidone
Sulpiride
ANOVULATION
DEFINITIONAnovulation is a condition in which the ovary does not release a ripened egg each month as part of a woman's normal cycle in her reproductive years. Naturally, with no egg available for sperm, a woman cannot become pregnant. Thus, anovulation is a prime factor in infertility.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Hyperprolactinemia.
Excessive exercise and weight loss. Suppresses the output of hormones called gonadotropins from the hypothalamus in the brain.
Oral contraceptive pills. Disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, suppressing ovulation and thereby preventing pregnancy.
DRUGS
Bromocriptine- suppresses prolactin level
Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) - induces ovulation, by relaese of
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Oxytocin (sold as Pitocin, Syntocinon) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
OXYTOCIN:Produced predominantly by the Para Ventricular Nucleus (PVN) of the Hypothalamus.
Chemical Data
FORMULAC43H66N12O12S2
MOLECULAR MASS1007.19g/mol
HALF-LIFE3 minutes in blood
SynthesisOxytocin is made in magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamusIn the pituitary gland, oxytocin is packaged in large, dense-core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin IOxytocin is also made by some neurons in the paraventricular nucleus that project to other parts of the brain and to the spinal cord
Oxytocin structure. Inset shows oxytocin bound to neurophysin
Drugs form & drugs containing oxytocin
Trade names Pitocin and SyntocinonDosage form: injectables & nasal sprayInjected oxytocin analogues are used to induce labor and support labor in case of non-progression of parturition.
It is best known for its roles in female reproduction:
released in large amounts after distension of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding.
Oxytocin is also used in veterinary medicine to facilitate birth and to increase milk production.
OXYTOCIN : FUNCTIONS
OXYTOCIN : FUNCTIONS contd
ON THE BREAST :Causes Milk ejection and secretion through a Neuro-endocrine reflex.
OXYTOCIN: FUNCTIONS contd
ON THE NON PREGNANT UTERUS:– Movement of the Female Genital Tract– Transport of the Sperm– Fertilization
ON THE PREGNANT UTERUS:Initiates Parturition or Labour.Enhances Uterine contractions during labor.Stretches the birth canal by a Positive feedback mechanismCauses involution of the Uterus after delivery.
OXYTOCIN:FUNCTIONS contd
ANDROGENS (Male Sex Hormones)
Mayur Amin
TYPES OF ANDROGENS
• Testosterone
• Dehydroepiandrosterone
• Dehydroisoandrosterone
• Androstenedione
BIOSYNTHESIS
Cholesterol
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Pregnenolone
17-α-Hydroxy Progesterone
Androstenedione
Progesterone
Dehydrogenase/Isomerase
Testosterone
17-α-Hydroxy Progesterone
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Sex related physiological functions
Growth, Development & Maintenance
Sexual Differentiation
Spermatogenesis
Aggressive Behavior
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
Effects on protein metabolism
Effects on carbohydrate and fat
metabolism
Effects on mineral metabolism
TESTOSTERONE DEFICIENCY
Hypogonadism
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Kallmann’s syndrome
Gynaecomastia
Gynaecomastia
• Enlargement of the breast tissue beneath the areola • Common among elderly men• Associated weight gain. • Half of males experience enlargement of one or both
breasts• Can be the first sign of testicular tumor
Medical evaluation is always indicated whenBreast enlargement occurs
• More common in patients with klinefelter's syndrome• Pseudogynaecomastia
breast enlargement due to fat accumulation.
Bibliography• The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gilman
• “Perspective: Female Steroid Hormone Action” by Dr. Orla Conneely• <http://wikipedia.com>• “Progesterone vs Progestin” by Dr. Steven Hotze• <http://www.cancer.gov>• “Advances in HRT: Weight benefits of drospirenone, a 17α –spirolactone-derived
progestogen” by Foidart, et al. • “Estrogens and the skin” by Brincat, et al.
• <http://www.providence.org>