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WWITotal War
La Mitrailleuse 1915 Oil on canvas 777 x 670 x 90
C.R. W. Nevinson
WWI: The Great War
Engulfed the entire globe Harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles
› Unbalanced global economy› Led to Great Depression› Became a rallying point for NAZI brand of
German nationalism Destroyed 3 Empires: Russia, Austro-
Hungarian, Ottoman 70 million men mobilized
Sorted by number MobilizedMobilized Dead Wounded
Missing/PoW Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 Great Britain 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 France 8,410,000 1,375,800 4,266,000 537,000 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 US 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,526 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 Japan 800,000 300 907 Rumania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 1 52,958 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000
These figures from Everett, Susan, The Two World Wars, Vol I - World War I (1980Bison Books)
Are Figures Sufficient to tell the story?
Complex Causes
Combustible rivalry between Great Britain and Germany› The King of England, the German Kaiser, the Russian Czar
and the Empress of Austria-Hungary were cousins—the Grandchildren of Queen Victoria
Rivalry over who controlled the seas, who controlled colonies in Africa and the Middle East, whose industrial output was greatest
Rivalries› Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central
Powers) vs.› Britain, France, Russia (Triple Entente) Italy (Allied Powers)› Secret Alliances: agreed to go to war to defend satellite
nations and each other
August 1914
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian Empire assassinated in June 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian national who was a member of the Black Hand
Gavrillo Princip
Archduke’s Bloodied Jacket
Princip’s Arrest
Trial of the Black Hand Members
Princip sentenced to Life in Prison.Lived 3+ years in this cell. TB, boneDisease (required amputation of One arm) and malnutrition killed Him.
The July Crisis
The Balkans› The Austro-Hungarians and the Ottomans:
unsteady empires› Nationalist movements and pan-Slavism› Great powers tried to avoid direct
intervention› The First Balkan War (1912)
Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro against the Ottomans
The July Crisis
Summer 1914› July: Austria issued an ultimatum
A punitive campaign to restore order in Bosnia and crush Serbia
The demands were deliberately unreasonable
The July Crisis
Summer 1914› The Serbs mobilized their army› July 28, 1914: Austria declared war› Austria saw the conflict as a chance to
reassert its authority› Russia saw the conflict as a way to regain
the tsar’s authority› July 30, 1914: Russia mobilized its troops
to fight Austria and Germany
The July Crisis
Diplomatic maneuvers› Germany
Detailed war plans Kaiser Wilhelm II sent an ultimatum to Russia
› Germany demanded to know French intentions
› August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia
The Guns of August
Diplomatic maneuvers› August 7, 1914: Montenegrins joined the
Serbs against Austria› July: the Japanese declared war on
Germany› August: Turkey allied itself with Germany› A “tragedy of miscalculation”
Little diplomatic communication Austrian mismanagement The lure of the first strike
Europe in 1914, just before WWI
The Marne and Its Consequences
German war plans› Designed to suit Germany’s efficient but
small army› Von Schlieffen Plan—Attack France first,
neutralize the Western Front, then attack Russia
Map of Battle Plan of the Marne
The Marne and Its Consequences
German war plans› Problems
The plan overestimated physical and logistical capabilities
The speed of movement was too much for the troops
The resistance of the Belgian army Frequent changes made to the plan
The Marne and Its Consequences
The Battle of the Marne› The Western Front
The Great Powers dug in Trench warfare
› The importance of the Marne Changed Europe’s expectation of war The war would now be long, costly, and
deadly
Trench Warfare in Pictures
Cheshire Regiment (British) Trench near Alberta-Bapaume Road July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme
British & Australian Trench at Gallipoli 1915
Stalemate, 1915
Gallipoli and naval warfare› Turkish intervention
Threatened Russia’s supply lines Endangered British control of the Suez Canal
› Churchill argued for a naval offensive in the Dardanelles
Stalemate, 1915
Gallipoli and naval warfare› Gallipoli landing (April 25, 1915)
Incompetent naval leadership Fought for seven months and then the
British withdrew Major Allied defeat
WWI Maps
http://firstworldwar.com/photos/maps.htm
Australian Troops attempt in vain to take Dardanelles
Ottoman guns mounted on cliffs above the Allied Landing
Stalemate, 1915
A war of attrition› The nature of modern war› The total mobilization of resources› The Allies imposed a naval blockade on
Germany› Germany responded with submarine
warfare Germans sank the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
Almost twelve hundred killed Provoked the animosity of the United States
Total War
Reliance on Technology Mobilization of entire population War on Civilians Total Devastation left little to recover
once hostilities ceased
TEC
HN
OLO
GY: A
US
TR
IAN
A
RTILLE
RY
Austrian 30.5cm mortar
GER
MA
N A
RTILLE
RY A German 38cm gun fires the first shot at Fort Douaumont in the battle of
Verdun.
AM
ER
ICA
N A
RTILLE
RY American railroad artillery detachment posed on a 14in. rail gun
BR
ITIS
H A
RTILLE
RY British heavy artillery
“JULIE
” Rail gun Julie with her crew in a camouflaged position.
HO
WIT
ZER The weight of the mount and gun - 200 tons
ARTILLE
RY S
HELLS German Soldier next to a rail gun shell
PO
WD
ER
PAC
KET Powder sack used in 16 inch guns
HO
WIT
ZER
BR
EEC
H Imagine the size of the shells to fit this breech
INTO
AC
TIO
N German Gun being pulled into action
BIG
BERTH
A Named for Bertha Krupp 42 cm gun
British
French,“They Shall NOTPass!” German, “Punish
England!”
War Posters: Propaganda, Recruitment, Mobilization
Russian
American
American
Australian
Italian
MO
BILIZ
ATIO
N French Soldiers being Gassed
MO
BILIZ
ATIO
N
Click icon to add picture
Belgian Soldiers leaving the Front
SPIR
ITU
AL M
OB
ILIZATIO
N Greek Soldiers Listen to Sermon before a battle
MO
BILIZ
ATIO
N Italian Soldiers in Formation
MO
BILIZ
ATIO
N Training women soldiers in Russia
MO
BILIZ
ATIO
N Turkish troops Marching to war
Realities of War: Cartoons
Every encouragement should be given for singing and whistling"- extract from a Military Manual
REA
LITIE
S O
F WA
R “How Long Have You Got, Fred?”
Old Bill
from Bullets & Billets: "First Discovered in the Alluvial Deposits of Southern Flanders. Feeds Almost Exclusively on Jam and Water Biscuits. Hobby: Filling Sandbags, on Dark and Rainy Nights".
Bruce Bairnsfather, creator
A Hopeless Dawn, by Bruce Bairnsfather, 1916
WW
I ART The Sadness of the Somme, Oil on Plywood by Mary Riter Hamilton
WW
I ART Ravages of War, Charcoal by Mary Riter Hamilton
WW
I ART Canadian Monument, Passchendaele Ridge, Oil on Cardboard by Mary Riter
Hamilton
WW
I ART Paths of Glory (1917) C.R. W. Nevinson
WW
I ART The Harvest of War, 1917 C.R.W. Nevinson
“
Pluck” by Eva Dobell (a British Nurse)Crippled for life at seventeen,His great eyes seem to question why:with both legs smashed it might have beenBetter in that grim trench to dieThan drag maimed years out helplessly. A child-so wasted and so white,He told a lie to get his way,To march, a man with men, and fightWhile other boys are still at play.A gallant lie your heart will say.
So broke with pain, he shrinks in dreadTo see the 'dresser' drawing near;and winds the clothes about his headThat none may see his heart-sick fear.His shaking, strangled sobs you hear. But when the dreaded moment's thereHe'll face us all, a soldier yet,Watch his bared wounds with unmoved air,(Though tell-tale lashes still are wet),And smoke his Woodbine cigarette.
“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917
First Soul
I was a peasant of the Polish plain; I left my plough because the message ran:- Russia, in danger, needed every man To save her from the Teuton; and was slain. I gave my life for freedom—This I know For those who bade me fight had told me so.
“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917
Second Soul I was a Tyrolese, a mountaineer; I gladly left my mountain home to fight Against the brutal treacherous Muscovite; And died in Poland on a Cossack spear. I gave my life for freedom—This I know For those who bade me fight had told me so.
“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917
Third Soul I worked in Lyons at my weaver's loom, When suddenly the Prussian despot hurled His felon blow at France and at the world;Then I went forth to Belgium and my doom.I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.
“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917Fourth Soul I owned a vineyard by the wooded Main,Until the Fatherland, begirt by foesLusting her downfall, called me, and I roseSwift to the call—and died in far Lorraine.I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.
“Five Souls” W.N. Ewer, 1917Fifth Soul
I worked in a great shipyard by the Clyde; There came a sudden word of wars declared,Of Belgium, peaceful, helpless, unprepared,Asking our aid: I joined the ranks, and died. I gave my life for freedom—This I knowFor those who bade me fight had told me so.
Europe after WWI: What Changed?
Consequences
Great Depression Bolshevik Revolution Militarization Rise of militant German nationalism Rise of anti-Semitism Creation of new states without regard
for the ethnic and historical conflicts between peoples of different cultures
Armenian Genocide
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6045182.stm
Article Two of the UN Convention on Genocide of December 1948 describes genocide as carrying out acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group".
1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic
1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic
January 1918 to December 1920 Between 50 and 100 million died Attacked young, apparently healthy
people between 18-25 years of age 500 million, or 27% of the world’s
population, were infected
The Lost Generation
Serbia lost 40% of its troops (15% of its population
France, Britain and Germany each lost about one third of their men aged 19-22.
Disillusionment among the survivors about nationalism, the political class› Russian mistrust of Western Democracies› American isolationism
Europe no longer the center of the world economy Disillusionment: a generation of men slaughtered
to no apparent end.
Bibliography
http://www.worldwar1.com
http://voiceseducation.org/content/world-war-i
http://firstworldwar.com