HISTORY

OF

COMPUTER

Presentation by

Pradaban. D

MLIS-I YEAR

Pondicherry University

As early as the seventeenth century, mathematicians

were trying to create a machine that could perform

basic mathematical functions such as, addition, subtraction, division and multiplication.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

An English mathematician, Professor Charles Babbage made a “difference Engine” in 1833, which was powered by steam to solve mathematical equations.

After 10 years, in 1842, he made a general purpose computer named “Analytical Engine”.

This analytical engine could add, subtract, multiply and divide in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per second.

First Generation 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation -1971Present:Microprocessors

Fourth Generation -1971Present:Microprocessors

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry

and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

Technology- Vacuum Tubes

Memory -Magnetic drums

Language-Machine Language

Input -Punched cards and paper cards

Memory capacity-10,000 to 20,000 characters

Output - Printout

Application -record keeping

Beginning of data processing business

Demerits

Very expensive

Relatively slow

Great deal of electricity

Very large in size and weight

Generated a lot of heat

Not programmable

Unreliable

Non portable

Examples

ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

( Eckert & Archly).

UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer) I, UNIVAC II

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

Whirlwind

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in

the second generation of computers.

The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see

widespread use in computers until the late 50s.

smaller, faster and cheaper.

Technology- Transistors

Memory - Magnetic core

Language- assembly Languages, high level programming

languages

Input - Punched cards

Memory capacity- 4,000 to 64,000 characters

Output - Printout

Application - record keeping, billing, etcRapid growth in

data processing applications

Merits

Smaller size compared to 1st generation computers

More reliable

Better portability

Less heat generated

Less prone to hardware failures

Demerits

Frequent maintenance required

Air conditioning required

Commercial production was difficult and costly

Example

UNIVAC III

IBM 7070

Honeywell 800, 400 series

The development of the integrated circuit was the

hallmark of the third generation of computers.

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon

chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Technology- Integrated Circuits

Memory - Magnetic disk

Language- high level programming languages

Input - Key board, mouse, OCR etc

Memory capacity-32,000 to 4 million characters

Availability of OS

Internet started

Significant improvement in the development of SW

and OS

Application -Airline system, market forecasting,

credit card billing etc.

Merits

Computers were smaller

Faster, more reliable and needed less power

Easily portable, lower heat generator.

Maintenance cost is law because HW failures are rare

Demerits

AC required

Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture IC.

Example

Honeywell 200

IBM system/360

Burroughs 6700

The Microprocessors brought the fourth

generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

Technology- Large scale Integrated Circuits

Language- all higher level programming

languages

Input - Key board, mouse, GUI, OCR etc

Application - Electronic fund transfer, etc

Features

Availability of programs for special

applications

Introduction to networking and home

computers

Improved secondary storage

Very reliable

Smallest in size

Cheaper

Easily portable

No AC required

Fifth generation computing devices, based on

artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice

recognition, that are being used today.

Based on artificial intelligence are still in

development.

Use of parallel processing.

Extremely large scale integration.

Automatic

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence

Versatility

Power of Remembering

No IQ

No Feeling

Storage

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