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Slide presentation shows how moisture can enter homes through gravity, wind-driven rain, absorption, surface tension, moisture diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, defective windows, defective doors, poorly installed siding or cladding, roof leaks, poor house maintenance, ice dam melts, flashing leaks, and other building component failures. Slide show was designed for the layman or home owner. This version is not scientific. This is an older picture slideshow was made in 2003. A new updated version of this slide show can be seen at www.houseinvestiggations.com. Please go to Face book and subscribe to Marko Vovk for new daily posts. Please go to Youtube under the name Marko Vovk, Clevelandmold or ClevelandMarko and watch moisture related videos. Please subscribe to the Marko Vovk Youtube channel. If you would like to purchase CD’s go to the EBay and type in Home Inspection and look for Marko Vovk.
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MOISTURE IN MOISTURE IN HOMESHOMES HOW DOES IT GET THERE ?HOW DOES IT GET THERE ?
Large roof leaksLarge roof leaks
Membrane failureMembrane failure Flashing failureFlashing failure Gutter or Gutter or
downspout downspout conditionsconditions
Wind driven Wind driven Poor maintenancePoor maintenance Improper designImproper design Ice dam meltIce dam melt
Medium roof leaksMedium roof leaks
Small un -detected Small un -detected roof leaksroof leaks
Some small roof leaks Some small roof leaks turn out to be huge turn out to be huge damage.damage.
Gutter and downspout Gutter and downspout can cause problems.can cause problems.
Ice dam Ice dam
Window and door Window and door leaksleaks Open windows or doorsOpen windows or doors Deteriorated windows and doorsDeteriorated windows and doors Improper installationsImproper installations Manufacture defectsManufacture defects Aluminum and Vinyl clad Aluminum and Vinyl clad
windows. (See video on Youtube windows. (See video on Youtube called “Aluminum and Vinyl Clad called “Aluminum and Vinyl Clad Windows The Truth.)Windows The Truth.)
Poor door installationPoor door installation
Defective windows and Defective windows and doordoor
Defective Marvin Defective Marvin windowswindows
Leaking window Leaking window mushroommushroom
Siding or building Siding or building envelope leaksenvelope leaks Poor maintenancePoor maintenance Damaged Damaged DefectiveDefective Poorly designPoorly design MissingMissing
Water behind the vinyl Water behind the vinyl sidingsiding
EIFS Corner of a homeEIFS Corner of a home
Cultured Stone LeaksCultured Stone Leaks
Poor window flashingPoor window flashing Missing Drainage Plane and Missing Drainage Plane and
Missing Drainage Space (Rain Missing Drainage Space (Rain Screen)Screen)
See Youtube video called Cultured See Youtube video called Cultured Stone The TruthStone The Truth
Foundation / slab / Foundation / slab / grading leaksgrading leaks Poor gradePoor grade Falling damp-proofing Falling damp-proofing Failing drain-tileFailing drain-tile CracksCracks Faulty constructionFaulty construction Poor designPoor design Defective materialsDefective materials
Foundation leakFoundation leak
Crawl space leaksCrawl space leaks
Foundation leaks Foundation leaks cause duct floodscause duct floods
Duct flood ruins homeDuct flood ruins home
MARKO VOVKMARKO VOVK
www.houseinvestigations.cowww.houseinvestigations.comm
This slide show is from 2003This slide show is from 2003
Plumbing and sump Plumbing and sump pumps leakspumps leaks Defective productsDefective products Product failureProduct failure BackupBackup OverflowOverflow Poor maintenancePoor maintenance
Plastic pipes that Plastic pipes that become defectivebecome defective
Plastic pipe failure Plastic pipe failure cause moldcause mold
Dishwasher leakDishwasher leak
Sewer back-upSewer back-up
Improper drain Improper drain dischargedischarge
Water treatment leaksWater treatment leaks
Sump pump failureSump pump failure
Aftermath of sump Aftermath of sump pump failurepump failure
Plumbing leak frozen Plumbing leak frozen pipespipes
HISTORIAL CHANGESHISTORIAL CHANGES
Moisture Effects in the Moisture Effects in the HomeHome
Poor VentilationPoor Ventilation Leaks in Building EnvelopeLeaks in Building Envelope Improperly Installed or No Vapor Improperly Installed or No Vapor
BarriersBarriers No Local Exhaust in Kitchen/BathsNo Local Exhaust in Kitchen/Baths Occupants (Breathing, Perspiring, Occupants (Breathing, Perspiring,
etc.)etc.) Humidifier Set too HighHumidifier Set too High
THE LAST 50 YEARSTHE LAST 50 YEARS
Introduction of thermal insulationIntroduction of thermal insulation Development of tighter buildingsDevelopment of tighter buildings Elimination of active chimneysElimination of active chimneys Introduction of forced air hearting Introduction of forced air hearting
and cooling systems.and cooling systems.
THERMAL INSULATIONTHERMAL INSULATION
Initially -- to reduce heat flows Initially -- to reduce heat flows into and out of homes. GOODinto and out of homes. GOOD
Later -- to reduce operating costs. Later -- to reduce operating costs. GOOD GOOD
Reduced the homes drying Reduced the homes drying potential. BADpotential. BAD
Now if homes get wet inside, it is Now if homes get wet inside, it is difficult for them to dry out.difficult for them to dry out.
Insulation condition Insulation condition that restricts that restricts ventilationventilation
Crawl Styrofoam wall Crawl Styrofoam wall insulationinsulation
Insulation against Insulation against basement wall.basement wall.
EIFS Exterior Insulated EIFS Exterior Insulated Fascia SystemsFascia Systems
Vapor barrier Vapor barrier conditionsconditions Missing vapor barriersMissing vapor barriers Damaged vapor barriersDamaged vapor barriers Improper location of vapor barrierImproper location of vapor barrier
6-mil plastic causes 6-mil plastic causes dew point on inside of dew point on inside of wall. (Slide 1-3)wall. (Slide 1-3)
Dew point occurs at Dew point occurs at optimal conditions and optimal conditions and leaks. (Slide 2of 3)leaks. (Slide 2of 3)
Moisture reads high in Moisture reads high in OSBOSB(Slide 3 of 3)(Slide 3 of 3)
TIGHTER BUILDING TIGHTER BUILDING ENCLOSURESENCLOSURES Homes are more than twice as Homes are more than twice as
tight as they were 50 years ago.tight as they were 50 years ago. Due to the introduction of new Due to the introduction of new
construction materials. (sheet construction materials. (sheet goods, plywood, OSB, drywall, goods, plywood, OSB, drywall, precast)precast)
Desire to eliminate drafts.Desire to eliminate drafts. Reduce energy costs.Reduce energy costs.
THE AFTERMATHTHE AFTERMATH
Less dilution of exterior make up Less dilution of exterior make up air.air.
New interior building components New interior building components out gassing or releasing out gassing or releasing particulate. (particulate. (Formaldehyde, Formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds volatile organic compounds VOC’s, radon, carbon dioxide and VOC’s, radon, carbon dioxide and other productsother products.).)
AFTERMATH AFTERMATH CONTIUNEDCONTIUNED
COMMECIALCOMMECIAL
SBS (Sick SBS (Sick Building Building Syndrome)Syndrome)
BRI (Building BRI (Building Related Illness) Related Illness)
RESIDENTALRESIDENTAL
Reduction in the Reduction in the ability for the stack ability for the stack effect or for the effect or for the chimney to exhaust chimney to exhaust indoor pollutants.indoor pollutants.
Spillage of gas fire Spillage of gas fire systems. (Moisture)systems. (Moisture)
TYVAK / SHEET TYVAK / SHEET GOODSGOODSHIGH EFFEINT HIGH EFFEINT FURNACESFURNACES
TIIGHT / INSULATION / TIIGHT / INSULATION /
6-MIL PLASTIC 6-MIL PLASTIC SHEATHINGSHEATHING
ELIMINATION OF ELIMINATION OF ACTIVE CHIMNEYSACTIVE CHIMNEYS Electric furnaceElectric furnace Heat pumpsHeat pumps Power driven vented and sealed Power driven vented and sealed
furnacefurnace
HIGH EFIENT WATER HIGH EFIENT WATER HEATERHEATERCAN CAUSE CAN CAUSE DEPRESSURIZATIONDEPRESSURIZATION
HIGH EFFEIENCT HIGH EFFEIENCT FURNACEFURNACE
Moisture Effects in the Moisture Effects in the HomeHome
Moisture Effects in the Moisture Effects in the HomeHome
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
People, Restrooms,Plants, Cleaning
Air Infiltration
Moisture (Pints perDay)
PSYCHROMETRICS
PSYCHROMETRICS AND PSYCHROMETRICS AND DEW POINT DEW POINT PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS A psychrometric chart graphically A psychrometric chart graphically
illustrates the relationships between air illustrates the relationships between air temperature and relative humidity as temperature and relative humidity as well as other properties. well as other properties.
All air contains moisture or grains of All air contains moisture or grains of moisture. The moisture holding capacity moisture. The moisture holding capacity of air is dependent on temperature. of air is dependent on temperature. Warmer air can hold more moisture or Warmer air can hold more moisture or grains of moisture than that of cold air. grains of moisture than that of cold air. When air cools or loses heat, it will hold When air cools or loses heat, it will hold less moisture. less moisture.
Equipment neededEquipment needed
Sling usageSling usage
Moisture metersMoisture meters
Moisture meter reading on bedroom interior walls toverify benchmark readings.
Reading below the window and just above the floorindicate excessive moisture at the location.
Wet-Bulb Temperature Wet-Bulb Temperature
Wet bulb temperature reflects the cooling effect Wet bulb temperature reflects the cooling effect of evaporating water (Like drying your hands in of evaporating water (Like drying your hands in one of those public bathroom wall push button one of those public bathroom wall push button air dryers). Wet bulb temperature can be air dryers). Wet bulb temperature can be determined by passing air over a thermometer determined by passing air over a thermometer that has been wrapped with a small amount of that has been wrapped with a small amount of moist fabric. The cooling effect of the moist fabric. The cooling effect of the evaporating water causes a lower temperature evaporating water causes a lower temperature compared to the dry bulb ambient air compared to the dry bulb ambient air temperature. The wet bulb temperature scale is temperature. The wet bulb temperature scale is located along the curved upper left portion of located along the curved upper left portion of the chart. The sloping lines indicate equal wet the chart. The sloping lines indicate equal wet bulb temperatures.bulb temperatures.
Dry-Bulb TemperatureDry-Bulb Temperature
Dry bulb temperature is the air Dry bulb temperature is the air temperature determined by an temperature determined by an ordinary thermometer. The dry ordinary thermometer. The dry bulb temperature scale is located bulb temperature scale is located at the base of the chart. Vertical at the base of the chart. Vertical lines indicate constant dry bulb lines indicate constant dry bulb temperature. This is the unit the TV temperature. This is the unit the TV weatherman uses for temperature. weatherman uses for temperature.
Relative HumidityRelative Humidity
Relative humidity is a measure of how much moisture Relative humidity is a measure of how much moisture is present compared to how much moisture the air is present compared to how much moisture the air could hold at that temperature. Relative humidity is could hold at that temperature. Relative humidity is expressed as a percent. Lines representing conditions expressed as a percent. Lines representing conditions of equal relative humidity’s sweep (happy smile curve) of equal relative humidity’s sweep (happy smile curve) from the lower left to the upper right of the from the lower left to the upper right of the psychrometric chart. The 100 percent relative psychrometric chart. The 100 percent relative humidity (saturation) line corresponds to the wet bulb humidity (saturation) line corresponds to the wet bulb and the dew point temperature scale line. (This is the and the dew point temperature scale line. (This is the happy smile last curve on the far left side). The line for happy smile last curve on the far left side). The line for zero percent relative humidity falls along the dry bulb zero percent relative humidity falls along the dry bulb temperature scale line. Relative humidity is the unit temperature scale line. Relative humidity is the unit that weathermen use in their weather reporting that weathermen use in their weather reporting
Dew Point Dew Point TemperatureTemperature
By knowing only two of the three By knowing only two of the three above variables, we can predict above variables, we can predict dew point and visually graph it. It dew point and visually graph it. It is this dew point that will allow us is this dew point that will allow us to predict mold growth to predict mold growth
Dew Point Dew Point TemperatureTemperature
Dew point temperature is the Dew point temperature is the temperature below which moisture will temperature below which moisture will condense out of air. Air that is holding condense out of air. Air that is holding as much water vapor as possible is as much water vapor as possible is saturated or at its dew point. Water will saturated or at its dew point. Water will condense on a surface, such as a condense on a surface, such as a building wall, attic sheathing, basement building wall, attic sheathing, basement foundation or pitcher of ice water that is foundation or pitcher of ice water that is at or below the dew point temperature at or below the dew point temperature of the air. of the air.
EXERCISE ONE EXERCISE ONE
The readings occurred in the living room The readings occurred in the living room of a slab home in the summer month. of a slab home in the summer month. The ceiling in this room had odd long The ceiling in this room had odd long narrow moisture stains that resemble narrow moisture stains that resemble pool table stick marks. Where did these pool table stick marks. Where did these stains come from?stains come from?
From your sling psychrometer, you have From your sling psychrometer, you have a dry bulb (DB) of 68° F and wet bulb a dry bulb (DB) of 68° F and wet bulb (WB) of 64° F. What is the dew point? (WB) of 64° F. What is the dew point?
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
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85
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W P
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T T
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F
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
10
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100
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10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
25
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3035
35 40
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
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85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
MID
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OF
MO
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PO
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D O
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AIR
LIVING ROOM CONDITION
DRY BULB LINE
DEW POINT 61 FWET BULB LINE
Note 1
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.921 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
SEA LEVEL
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
EXERCISE TWOEXERCISE TWO
From your laser infrared gauge you From your laser infrared gauge you obtain a basement foundation surface obtain a basement foundation surface wall temperature of 55°F. These gauges wall temperature of 55°F. These gauges can be bought for about one hundred can be bought for about one hundred dollars. From your thermometer, you dollars. From your thermometer, you read a basement room temperature of read a basement room temperature of 76°F. The basement walls have mold in 76°F. The basement walls have mold in the corners and on the base of the the corners and on the base of the foundation walls. What is the humidity of foundation walls. What is the humidity of the basement? In what season did this the basement? In what season did this mold condition most likely occur?mold condition most likely occur?
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
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85
DE
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T T
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- °
F
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
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10% RELATIVE HUMIDITY
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
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30 35
3540
40 45
45 50
50 55
55 60
6065
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80
85 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - °F
85
90
HU
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AIR
TEMPERATURE OF 76 F AND USE 55 F FOR DEW POINT.
DEW POINT 55 F
TEMPERATURE LINE
DEW POINT 55 F
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 29.062 in. HG
PSYCHROMETRICCHARTNormal TemperatureI-P Units
804 FEET
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
