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HOW TO DO REFERENCING FOR

ECONOMETRICS PHD RESEARCH

Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Phdassistance info@phdassistance.com

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I. INTRODUCTION

The University of Chicago Press's stylistic conventions,

as outlined in Chapter 16 of the 14th edition of the

Chicago Manual of Style, have been adopted by the

Economics Department (available in the bookstore and

in the reference room of the library). This style should

be followed for citations and bibliographic entries in all

economic student papers and theses.

II. WHEN TO CITE

Quotations, for example, are a type of citation. In

general, if you use someone else's thoughts, you must

credit them with a citation. If you want to use someone

else's ideas but don't want to use their exact words, use

a general citation like "according to Hammami, H

(2021),..." You must enclose the passage in quotation

marks and reference the source, including the page

number, if you use another author's exact words. Long

passages (more than two or three sentences) should be

indented from both margins, single spaced, and not

quoted (but still cited appropriately). Obviously, this

theory can be taken to absurd lengths. The basic

principle of the business, for example, should be

considered "common knowledge"; you don't have to go

back and try and find out who was the first to suggest

that companies maximise profit. As a general rule, if an

idea or hypothesis is in a textbook and there isn't a clear

citation (beyond "for more detail, see..."), you don't

need to cite anybody. Empirical Research, on the other

hand, is almost always specific and must be cited. It is

important to use proper citation practises. Plagiarism is

the failure to correctly reference sources, which may

result in penalties ranging from fines to dismissal under

Reed's academic dishonesty policies. When in doubt,

cite too often rather than not often enough! At the stage

of your writing where the ideas are used, you should

cite the works. You may normally delete a source from

your bibliography if it was only used for background

information. If you want to express your intellectual

gratitude to such a source, (i.e., it contributed to your

general knowledge of a subject but you did not use any

specific ideas from it), you may include a sentence (or a

footnote) that says something like, “Reading Lowes

(2021) improved my understanding of this subject,” or

“Sara (2021) provides a good general overview of the

issues discussed below.”

III. HOW TO CITE

Almost all economics articles follow the “science”

citation convention of referencing author and year in

the text rather than the “humanities” convention of

citing the entire bibliographic entry in a footnote. This

method should be used in all of research paper and

thesis writing. Most economics citations do not include

a footnote; to avoid the disruption of a footnote

reference; simply use the author(s) last name(s) and the

year of publication in or after a sentence in the

document. When you read economic studies, pay

attention to how other writers do this, but keep in mind

that most journals do not follow the Chicago Manual of

Style exactly. While it is often mislabelled as a

bibliography, the latter is the norm for most economics

work. Any work mentioned in the text must be listed in

the bibliography at the end of the article. Our Experts

suggest that sticking to the convention of just citing

works. The list of references should be placed at the

end of the paper or thesis on a separate page(s) with the

title "References."

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IV. PROPER USE OF FOOTNOTES

Economists, in contrast to many other disciplines, use

footnotes much less frequently, particularly for citation

purposes. If a statement or citation is long enough and

unimportant enough to disrupt the flow of the argument

if it were placed directly in the document, use a

footnote. If a reader skips the footnote, he or she does

not miss any key points in the discussion. Although

there are times when footnotes are necessary, it can be

exhausting to continually interrupt one's reading to refer

to one after another—at least one economics journal

prohibits the use of footnotes entirely! You should

probably be able to keep footnotes to one per page or

less while using the author-date citation format. If you

have more than that, think about how your work might

be portrayed in a more readable manner.

V. SAMPLE CITATIONS IN TEXT OR FOOTNOTE

Non-quoted citation as part of a sentence

There is no need for a footnote in this case. The

bibliography contains all of the publication information

for Schama's 1987 work.

Non-quoted citation not part of a sentence:

There is no punctuation between the author and the

date, and both are enclosed in parentheses.

Multiple citations not part of a sentence:

To separate individual entries by different writers, use a

semicolon.

Citing multiple works by the same author:

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It's worth noting that Lucas and Stokey are not the same

person. If there are page numbers, a comma is

appropriate to separate the dates. In any case, a

semicolon must be used.

VI. SAMPLE ENTRIES IN LIST OF REFERENCES

The references list is formatted in a "hanging indented"

style, with the first line flush to the left margin and

subsequent lines indented. Authors' names appear first

in the alphabetical list of entries. From the earliest year

of publication to the most recent, works by the same

author(s) are mentioned.

Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the

same year are alphabetized by title (rather than

chronologically within the year) and given suffix letters

a, b, c, and so on.

Single-author journal article

Last-name-first is always the first author. It's worth

noting that the capitalization in the title meets standard

sentence capitalization guidelines, and there are no

quotation marks. Periods are used after the name(s) of

the author(s), the year, the title of the article, and at the

end. Among the journal name and the volume number,

there is no punctuation. The title of the journal is often

italicised or underlined, with all major terms

capitalised. You may offer the issue number or the

month/season, but be consistent. An en dash, not a

hyphen, is used to distinguish page number ranges.

Two-author journal article

After the time following the first author's middle initial,

a comma is used. Only the first author's last name is

mentioned first.

Forthcoming articles:

This format can be used for works that are supposed to

be published but have uncertain year, duration, or page

numbers.

VII. CONCLUSION

Referencing is a technique for supplying facts to back

up arguments and assumptions made in your own study.

Citing experts in your profession demonstrates to your

marker that you are knowledgeable about the field in

which you are working. Your citations serve as a map

of your discipline's vacuum, allowing you to navigate

your way through it in the same way that sailors

navigate by the stars. References should always be

right, enabling your readers to track down the

information sources you used. Keeping track of all the

references you used when reading and writing is the

best way to ensure you reference correctly.

REFERENCES

1. Dowling, M., Hammami, H., Tawil, D., & Zreik, O. (2021). Writing energy economics research for

impact. The Energy Journal, 42(3).

2. Min, C., Bu, Y., Wu, D., Ding, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Identifying citation patterns of scientific

breakthroughs: a perspective of dynamic citation

process. Information Processing & Management,

58(1), 102428.

3. Belwal, M. C. Citation analysis of Management Thesis: A study of Doctoral Thesis submitted to

Kumaun University, Nainital.

4. https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/Footnote/text 5. https://student.unsw.edu.au/why-referencing

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