How to write a graduation project

By

Dr. Mohamed Mostafa Omran

Assistant Professor of Biochemistry

Helwan University, Faculty of Science,

Chemistry Department

Cairo – Egypt

2016

Outlines

• Graduation project degree

• Formatting of graduation project

• Contents of graduation project

• Finding Information of graduation project

Pay attention

• Graduation project = 100

• Graduation project hard copy = 60

• Active cooperation with the advisor = 20

• Oral test = 20

Formatting of graduation project

• Graduation Project should be in English and of a

professional style and quality for clarity of

• presentation.

• Graduation Project present as printed hard copy (4 copies).

• should be single sided on A4 paper.

• Graduation Project should be between 50-100 pages (including all tables ,figures and references).

Font type and size

• Graduation Project should be 1.5 spaced, Times New Roman, 14 point font using Microsoft word.

• Layout and margins

• Immediately after the abstract paragraph, the Graduation Project should be formatted using one column format.

• Margins should be set to 3 cm top, and bottom and 3 cm left and right.

• All text should be full-justified.

Page numbers • Type page numbers starting from 1, center bottom.

Contents of graduation project Part one

Title page

Abstract

Acknowledgments

List of content

List of figures and tables

Part two

Introduction Review Summary

Conclusion References

Opportunity to attract

attention

Short Attractive

Abbreviation, colons, questions ?

Informative

Title

Title page

Helwan University

Faculty of Science

Chemistry Department

New trends of tuberculosis diagnosis A graduation project in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for Bachelor Degree of Science

By

Mohamed Ragab Mahmoud

4 th Level Chemistry – Biochemistry

Under the supervision of

Dr . Mohamed Mostafa Omran

Lecturer of Biochemistry

Helwan University – Faculty of Science

Chemistry Department

Title page

Helwan University

Faculty of Science

Chemistry Department

Micro- ribonucleic acid: Small ribonucleic acid with

A big role in diagnosis of liver cancer A graduation project in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for Bachelor Degree of Science

By

Mona Omar Ali

4 th Level Chemistry – Biochemistry

Under the supervision of

Dr . Mohamed Mostafa Omran

Lecturer of Biochemistry

Helwan University – Faculty of Science

Chemistry Department

Abstract

One page

Stand alone

Abstract

This should not be more than one page (250-400

words).

It should contain condensed statements extracted

from the main body of the project to convey the main

theme of the project to the readers.

Acknowledgments

I wish to express my gratitude to

Dr. Mohamed Omran,

Assistant Professor of Biochemistry,

Faculty of Science, Helwan University

for his kind supervision, close supervision

and valuable advice during the graduated project .

To my Loved Parents,

To my Dear brothers ….,….

To my Dear Sister ……..,

To my Beloved and Supportive Wife …….,

To my Beloved Son …..and …….

To my Beloved daughter ……...

Contents

Title Page

I. Introduction and Aim of work 1

II. Review of literature 3

1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3

2. Tuberculosis 7

3. Diagnosis of tuberculosis 21

3.1. Microscopic method 21

3.1.1. Ziehl - Neelsen staining technique 21

3.1.2. Auramine phenol fluorochrome staining technique 24

3.2.1.3. Biopsies 25

3.2. X – ray 25

3.3. Culture 26

3.4. Tuberculin skin testing 27

3.5. Adenosine deaminase activity 29

3.6. Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis 30

3.7. Polymerase chain reaction 33

3.7. 1. Nucleic acid amplification 33

Abbreviation ADA Adenosine deaminase activity

AFB Acid fast bacilli

AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

BCG Bacillus Calmette - Guerin

BCIP 5-Bromo-9-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate

BSA Bovine serum albumin

CE Capillary electrophoresis

CMI Cell-mediated immunity

CSF Cerebrospinal fluid

CT Computed tomography

DTH Delayed-type hypersensitivity

ECM Extracellular matrix

ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

HAT Hypoxanthin aminopterin thymidine

List of figures

List of Tables

Table no. Title page

1 Some available antibody tests for diagnosis of pulmonary

Tuberculosis 32

2 Rf values of unknown antigens and of standards protein

mixture

62

3 Partial biochemical nature of the purified 55-kDa antigens

reactive epitope 88

4 Amino acid concentrations of the purified 55 kDa antigen 90

5 The types of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis according to

sites of infection in 93 serum samples 94

6

Advantages of circulating 55-kDa antigen detection by

using Dot-ELISA in serum samples of pulmonary

tuberculosis

98

Introduction

Chance to convince the reader about importance of your work

Summarize the question

While it is worthwhile question

Introduction

Inverted pyramid

Opening sentence

Brief literature review

Describe the problem

Existing solutions

Limitations of solutions

What you hope to add

Rational of study

Sharp Aim

of study

Conclusions

Thunderbolt in reverse Begins with thunder (introduction)

and ends with light

How your work advances the field

• Without clear conclusions: no merit for research.

• Concise statements of inferences, directly related

to research question.

• Never overstate the importance of findings:

Suggestive or supportive rather than decisive.

Conclusions

- Limit the number of references.

- No excessive self-citations.

- No excessive citations of publications from the same region.

- No non-indexed journals.

- Old references

References

Reference style

1.Vancouver

2. Harvard

- Cited work was identified in the text by Arabic

number.

- Numbers assigned in order of citation.

- Same work cited > once, the same citation

number was used.

Vancouver

Number can be written in

Superscript

Round or square brackets (1) or [1]

Combination (1, 2)or (1, 5, 7) or (1-3)

Citation of multiple references

Hyphen: Inclusive number (2-5)

Comma: Non-inclusive number (1,5,11)

- Work identified by author and year of publication in brackets.

- 2 authors: and.

- > 2 authors: et al.

Harvard

• Vancouver: Numbers were arranged

according to their appearance.

Reference list

Harvard: Alphabetical

• Authors. Title. Journal year; volume (issue): pages.

Journals

•Personal book Editor. Title of book. Edition, Publisher, Place; year.

Page Andrews AT. Electrophoresis. 2nd ed. Oxford

University presses. New York. 1986. PP: 213-242.

Book

Bengis R. Tuberculosis in free-ranging mammals. In: Fowler

M and Miller RE (edts). Zoo and wildlife medicine: current

therapy. 2nd ed W.B. Saunders Company; Philadelphia. 2000.

pp:101–113

•Chapter in book: Author of chapter. Title of chapter. In: Author of book (edit.). Title of book. Edition, year. Page

• Address of website • Author. (Date of loading, date of citation).

• Internet: (example) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centamin

• This page was last cited and modified on 3 April 2014.

Website

Finding Information in Internet

BibliographyFull Internet • For a more complete collection of the resources

available on the Internet. The following is a list of categories of sites to look at for medical information. They are not necessarily in order of importance and no single resource will be useful in all situations.

• Discussion Groups (Facebook)

• Electronic Journals

• Search Engines

• PubMed

• Textbooks

• Organizations

• (WHO, CDC)

Textbook Sites

• These sites offer free notes or full text treatment

of a number of medical subjects. These resources

are listed to cover a variety of different situations.

None of them will always be useful.

• Examples:

www.emedicine.medscape.com

www.freebooks4doctors.com

Organizations

• Most medical organizations maintain a website and several

have large amounts of educational material on the site.

• Examples:

World Health Organization(WHO)

http://www.who.int/en/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

http://www.cdc.gov/

The American society of cancer

www.cancer.org

Electronic Journals

• There are now a number of journals publishing

full text on the Internet.

http://www.hindawi.com

Internet Search Engines • Search engines need to be used very carefully; otherwise the

resources discovered tend to be overwhelming in number and poor

in quality. It is suggested that search engines should be used when

other resources have failed to turn up enough useful information or

when you wish to be as comprehensive as possible.

• Examples:

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

Searching for Images

• A search for medical images is often much more

specific in medical subjects.

• Go to the Google Search engine and click on the

link for images. (http://images.google.com)

• Then enter a search string describing the topic

you are interested in.

Medline Searches

• This is a searchable database of “the literature”. The

abstracts of articles from major medical journals

constitute a supremely important source of information

on current research directions and findings.

• Examples:

http:/pubmed.gov

• PubMed (http://pubmed.gov) searches the

Medline database of scientific journal articles

published in the medical literature

• Google (www.google.com) is the most successful

modern search engine. It holds in its database

about 40% of all pages on the Internet

• Filtering the results by key words

What is PubMed

How to use PubMed

Why we choose PubMed

小飞守角制作

• PubMed is a government-sponsored system

and is freely accessible by anyone who can

access the Internet;

• PubMed is generally easier to use than most of

other search systems.

Why we choose PubMed

How do I search PubMed?

1.Identify the key words for your search.

2.Enter the terms (or key words ) in the search box.

3. Click Search.

Can you explain the search results?

Meeting

Questions and Discussion