HUGO GROTIUS

Jurist and Diplomat in Dutch Republic

: Leiden University

o he began writing skilful elegies in Latin.o In 1598, at the tender age of fifteen, he accompanied the

leading Dutch politician of the day, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt on an embassy to the royal court of France.

o“the miracle of Holland.” o Latin historiographer to chronicle their history

over Dominicus Baudius,

April 10, 1583, Delft, Netherlands

o

- Law degree from the University of Orléans

- The Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) and Prince Maurice of

Nassau.

- Attorney General of Holland

:

PHILOSOPHIES

De Indis and Mare Liberum

De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa Sacra On The Truth of the

Christian Religion

Concept of Natural Law

Arminian controversy, arrest

and exile 

Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum (1613-14)

  Governmental theory of atonement

IMMANUEL KANT

oProtestant religious group of Pietists

April 22, 1724Königsberg, East Prussia

: -Saint George's Hospital School -Collegium Fredericianum

-University of Königsberg•philosophy, mathematics, and the natural sciences.

He became a PRIVATE TUTOR.

IMPORTANT WORKS: "General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" in 1755. Kant concluded the origin of the solar system was a result of the gravitational (having to do with the force exerted between bodies of matter) connection of atoms (the smallest pieces of matter).

PHILOSOPHIES

"General Natural History and Theory of the Heavens" in 1755

He is also a Lecturer.

He finally achieved a professorship at Königsberg

Critical Philosophy

Non empiricist critique of rationalist philosophy

epistemology moral philosophy

Kant is also known for his three formulation

of moral imperative and they are:

1. FIRST FORMULATION (formula of

universal law)This formulation in principle has as its supreme law the creed "Always act according to that maxim whose universality as a law you can at the same time will" and is the "only condition under which a will can never come into conflict with itself

2. SECOND FORMULATION (Formula

of the End in Itself)

•The principle dictates that you act with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim", meaning that the rational being is "the basis of all maxims of action" and "must be treated never as a mere means but as the supreme limiting condition in the use of all means, as an end at the same time.

3. THIRD FORMULATION(Formula of

Autonomy)

•is a synthesis of the first two and says "that all maxims which stem from autonomous legislation ought to harmonize with a possible realm of ends as with a realm of nature”.

Kant and the Religion

Kant and the concept of FreedomKant and the concept of Freedom

Aesthetic philosophy of Kant

Political philosophy of Kant

•The reality of the idea of God can only be proved by means of the idea of freedom, and hence only with a practical purpose and therefore there is a god.

Kant and the Religion•kant saw Christianity as natural and based on reason and morality. He also saw that the Bible should be seen as a source of natural morality no matter whether there is/was any truth behind the supernatural factor, meaning that it is not necessary to know whether the supernatural part of Christianity has any truth to abide by and use the core Christian moral code.

Kant and the concept of FreedomKant and the concept of Freedom

•transcendental idea of freedom, which as a psychological concept is "mainly empirical" and refers to "the question whether we must admit a power of spontaneously beginning a series of successive things or states" as a real ground of necessity in regard to causality and and the practical concept of freedom as the independence of our will from the "coercion" or "necessitation through sensuous impulses".

He identify the 3 functions of freedom namely:• a.) to be free• b.) to be comprehensible as free •c.) to be morally evaluated.

Aesthetic philosophy of Kant

•He states that beauty is not a property of an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is instead a consciousness of the pleasure that attends the 'free play' of the imagination and the understanding.

Political philosophy of Kant

•Immanuel Kant believes in republican government and international organization but not in democracy (direct democracy) and he stated that, , "...democracy is, properly speaking, necessarily a despotism, because it establishes an executive power in which 'all' decide for or even against one who does not agree; that is, 'all,' who are not quite all, decide, and this is a contradiction of the general will with itself and with freedom.

PIERRE GASSENDI

Getting to know Pierre Gassendi:

• a French philosopher• a Priest• an Empiricist• Perhaps best known in history of philosophy

for his disputes with Descartes, his relations with other major figures, including Kepler and Galileo.

Three strands of Gassendi's philosophy which are

quite notable:•He was responsible for making atomism respectable in European intellectual circles of the 17th century.•Rejection of Aristotelian philosophy.•Advocated a moderate skepticism

1624 - Publishes first part of his crtitique of Aristotelianism  Exercitationes Paradoxicae Adversus Aristoteleos.

1644 - Publishes Disquisitio Metaphysica, his answer to Descartes.

Writings:

UNIVERSITY OF

MAKATIPROF. TESSIE TAPIADOR

SAGADRACA

THANK YOU!

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