What is Pollution?

Undesirable change in the physical,

chemical, or biological characteristics of

the air, water, or land that can harmfully

affect the health, survival, or activities of

human or other living organisms.

TOPIC :

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POINT & NON POINT

SOURCES POLLUTION

What is mean by Point Source?

Pollution originating from a single point such

as pipes, ditches, wells, vessels, and containers.

A point source is a single identifiable localized

source of something.

Sources of pollution which can be traced to a

specific place or location, such as pipes,

ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, and

containers .

Examples for Point Source Pollution

Water pollution from an oil refinery wastewater

discharge outlet.

Noise pollution from a jet engine.

Light pollution from an intrusive street light

Thermal pollution from an industrial process

outfall.

Radio emissions from an interference-producing

electrical device.

What is Non-Point Source Pollution ?

Pollution that occurs when rainfall, snowmelt, or

irrigation runs over land or through the ground, picks up

pollutants, and deposits them into rivers, lakes, and

coastal waters or introduces them into ground water.

Pollution released from diffuse sources e.g. Pesticides

from fields or many single sources such as the exhausts

of cars in a city

Nonpoint-source pollution is the cumulative result of our

everyday personal actions and our local land use policies.

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is water

pollution affecting a water body from diffuse

sources.

Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted

with point source pollution, where discharges

occur to a body of water at a single location.

RIVERS, STREAMS, RESRVOIRS AND BAYS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING

BEEN IMPACTED BY NON-POINT-SOURCE POLLUTION

Management Strategies & Issues

Point Source

• Easier to monitor emissions at source

• Easier to control emissions at source

• Responsibility easily established and managed by law

• Localized effects can be managed

• Non Point Source

• Monitoring requires extensive survey techniques

• Emissions control requires widespread changes

• Responsibility shared amongst many requiring greater effort to enforce change

• Effects are spread over a wider area

CHAPTER5.1.3

TOPIC :

MAJOR SOURCES OF POLLUTIONS

What is Pollutants?

A pollutant is a waste material

that pollutes air, water or soil.

Types of Pollution

1.Salination

• Cause :Irrigation

• Effects :Plants die, impacts on agriculture and societies food production

2.Pesticides

• Cause :Spraying of crops

• Effects :Concentrates higher up food chain

Types of Pollution

3.Toxic Spills and leaks

• Cause: Industrial accidents & Dumping

• Effects :Can be fatal e.g-Bhopal

4.Sewage

• Cause :Waste from toilets & drains

• Eutrophication, low oxygen in water

5.Sulphur dioxide

• Cause :Burning coal for heat or electricity generation

• Effects :Acid rain

TOPIC :

DETECTION AND MOINTORING POLLUTION

CHAPTER5.2.1

TOPIC :

TWO DIRECT METHODS OF MOINTORING OF

POLLUTION

Aim of Monitoring

To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution

AIR POLLUTION

• Why do we monitor air pollution?

• The information we collect is used to help us

review and assess air quality in the borough, to

measure whether air quality standards are

being met, to provide good local information

for policy decisions and provide the

community with information on the air it

breathes.

What is Particulate Matter?

• There are things floating around in the air.

Most of them, you cannot even see.

• They are a kind of air pollution called particles

or particulate matter.

• In fact, particulate matter may be the air

pollutant that most commonly affects people's

health.

• Particulate matter is a form of air pollution from a variety of sources.

• It consists of fine particles that can stay in the air for days or weeks until removed by rainfall

• It can measured by leaving sheets of glue coated paper with a grid drawn on them for a standard amount of time.

• Possible errors could be any spray from cars,people or animals up onto the paper direcctly from the ground

Monitoring and a Analysing Air Pollution

Full chemical and physical characterisation of

aerosol.

Determination of size-fractionated chemistry

(particle diameter 100 nm to 20 mm) and

supporting reactive gas measurements.

Supporting meteorological data and modelling.

Expert interpretation of measurements.

MOINTORING PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES AND DRINKING WATER

The quality of drinking water is of

paramount importance to us all. The

pollution and consumer section is a

leading provider of independent water

analysis.

METHODS OF CHECKING WATER QUALITY

Typical tests carried out include:

1. Trace metal analysis.

2. Nutrient analysis.

3. Cation/Anion analysis.

4. Pesticides and related substances.

5. Heavy metal analysis.

6. Physical parameters.

7. Microbiological indicators.

The sound tube in Melbourne, Australia, designed to reduce

roadway noise without detracting from the area's aesthetics

Montoring Noise Pollution

Sound is measured in decibels. As the pressure (in pascales Pa) varies so much from that which can be just heard (ie 20 Pa) to that which caused pain (ie 100 Pa) and because the ear responds (not linearly).

dB.

CHAPTER5.2.2

TOPIC :

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

&

ASSESS POLLUTION LEVELS IN WATER

What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand?

Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms (e.g., aerobic bacteria) in the oxidation of organic matter.

Natural sources of organic matter include plant decay and leaf fall.

It is used as a measure of the degree of water pollution

BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of

wastewater treatment plants

Procedure

• . The sample bottle which was stored in the paper bag and should be placed in the dark and incubated for five days at 20 degrees Celsius, which is approximately room temperature.

• If no incubator is available, place the sample bottle and bag into a "light-tight" drawer or cabinet.

• After five days, determine the DO level of the sample by repeating steps five and six of the treatment procedure and all steps of titration and cleanup.

LEVELS

• Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L.

• Municipal sewage that is efficiently treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less.

• Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L

TOPIC :

INDIRECT METHODS OF MEASURING

POLLUTION LEVELS USING A BIOTIC INDEX

What is Biotic Index?

Biotic index is a scale for showing the quality of an environment by indicating the types of organisms present in it.

It is often used to assess the quality of water in rivers. It is measured from 1 to 10 and corresponds to the six water quality classes.

A scale showing the quality of an environment by the types of organisms which inhabit it.

Biotic index can show cleanliness of the river.".

CHAPTER5.3.1

TOPIC :

POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

Industrial Wastewater Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic

sewage that can be treated by municipal facilities.

Industries that generate wastewater with high

concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and

grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, volatile

organic compounds) or

Paul Muller

Nobel Prize for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.

What is DDT?

DDT (from its trivial name, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is one of the most well-known synthetic pesticides.

It is a chemical with a long, unique, and controversial history.

In 1939 DDT was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops

DDT was made available for use as an agricultural insecticide and its production and use duly increased.

DDT and malaria

Those in favor of the use of DDT to combat

malaria argue that:

• It is an efficient method to eradicate malaria in

Europe and has practically done just that in

India.

• They defend the effectiveness of the substance

given the low cost of use and the fact that there

are no issues with patents.

• In 1962, the book Silent Spring by American

biologist Rachel Carson was published.

• It catalogued the environmental impacts of

indiscriminate DDT spraying in the United States

and questioned the logic of releasing large amounts

of chemicals into the environment without a

sufficient understanding of their effects

on ecology or human health

History of DDT ban

• The book suggested that DDT and other

pesticides may cause cancer and that their

agricultural use was a threat to wildlife,

particularly birds.

• Its publication was a seminal event as regards

the environmental movement and resulted in a

large public outcry that eventually led, in

1972, to a ban on the agricultural use of DDT

in the United States

• The US ban on DDT is cited by scientists as a

major factor in the comeback of the bald

eagle (the national bird of the United States)

and the peregrine falcon from near-extinction

Why DDT was banned?

By the early 1970s, however, serious questions

were being raised about the environmental

effects of DDT.

Reports indicated that harmless insects, fish,

birds, and other animals were being killed or

harmed as a result of exposure to DDT.

• DDT was banned because it was discovered that it was a carcinogen and caused bio magnification).

• For example, the grass that the cows eat is sprayed with DDT and the cow eats it.

• Then the cow's milk is infected with DDT.

• The people drink the milk and get DDT in their system and as the DDT moves up the food chain, it gets increasingly concentrated and more dangerous. It accumulates in the adipose cells of the organism.

DDT and the environment

• Among the diverse effects of DDT on the

health of animals, many highlight:

• Problems in reproduction and development.

• Possible defects on the immune system and

premature death of birds.

• Effects on the liver and kidney.

• Reduction in the quality and quantity of

microscopic animals in phytoplankton

• In 2006 the World Health Organization announced that it would return to using DDT as an insecticide to eradicate malaria (and to kill the mosquitos that transmit the disease).

• The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) called for the elimination of 12 compounds that "can kill people, damage the nervous and immune systems, cause cancer and reproductive disorders and interfere with normal infant and child development," among those was DDT.

• Due to its characteristics, according to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from May of 2005, DDT was classified as one of these compounds:

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DDT

Debating a global ban on DDT

For

• Research has linked DDT to premature births, low birth weight and abnormal mental developments

• Alternative methods of pest control exist

• Spraying cannot eradicate the mosquitoes

• The ecological effects are well documented

Against

• WHO states DDT is safe if used properly

• Alternatives are not as effective

• Annual deaths from malaria are still over 1 million

• Previous decisions to ban DDT saw a resurgence of mosquitoes and rise in deaths from malaria in many countries

CHAPTER5.4

TOPIC :

EUTROPHICATION

CHAPTER5.4.1

TOPIC :

Process of Eutrophication

January/February

Formative

• Date : 7.02.2014

• Syallabus:Pollution

Management

• Marks :40

• Format :Paper 2

February Summative

• Date : 14.02.2014

• Syllabus: Global

Warming

• Marks :50

• Format :Paper 1 &2

1. The process by which a body of water

acquires a high concentration of nutrients,

especially phosphates and nitrates.

2. These typically promote excessive growth of

algae.

3. As the algae die and decompose, high levels

of organic matter and the decomposing

organisms deplete the water of available

oxygen, causing the death of other organisms,

such as fish.

• This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem

functioning and causes many problems.

• The algae may use up all the oxygen in the

water, leaving none for other marine life.

This results in the death of many aquatic

organisms such as fish, which need the oxygen

in the water to live.

• The bloom of algae may also block sunlight

from photosynthetic marine plants under the

water surface.

Process(Positive Feedback):

• Increase in inputs of nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) which enter the lake

• Increase in algae productivity in the lake

• Massive increase in algae

• Increase in dead organic matter due to increase in decomposer as there are more algae for food

• Higher rate of decomposition as the decomposers respiration

• Increase in oxygen demand but decline in oxygen level

• Death of organisms

Effects of Eutrophication:

• Death of fish and other organisms.

• Loss of species diversity.

• Breaking down of food chains.

• Increased turbidity (cloudiness of water)

• Death of aquatic plants

Strategies

• Cause: Agriculture

• Strategy :Contour Ploughing to reduce run-off

• Reduce aces of livestock to water resources

• Reduce amount of fertilizer applied

• Cause :Domestic

• Strategy :Phosphate free washing powder

• Dry composting toilets

Minimize the amount of nutrients being released into the system by:

1. Limiting production/use of detergents containing phosphates

2. Create buffer zones between agricultural land and water sources

3. Prevent animal waste from leaching into groundwater and rivers/streams

Treat the polluted area by:

1. pumping air into the water source

2. divert or treat sewage properly

3. dredge (dig up) contaminated sediments

4. physically remove algae blooms

Evaluating Eutrophication Management

strategies

• Difficulties of influencing human behavior without legislation

• Catchment management agreements may be difficult to monitor

• Consequences of bio manipulation may not be predictable

• Phosphate mainly transfers through detergent, sewage and surface and surface run off as it is non soluble

5.5 Solid domestic waste

What is Solid Domestic Waste?

• Any organic matter, including sewage,

industrial, and commercial wastes, from

municipal waste collection systems. Municipal

waste does not include agricultural and wood

wastes or residues

Type of S Solid Domestic Waste

1. Paper

2. Glass

3. Metals

4. Plastics

5. Organic waste from kitchen or garden

6. Potentially hazardous materials

Evaluate pollution management strategies for

solid domestic (municipal) waste.

Causes

Reduce

•Reduce packaging

Reuse

•Choose second

hand materials or

reusable containers

Recycle

•Choose materials

that can be recycled

Composting

•Organic can be

composted at source

•Choose

biodegradable

materials

Effects

Incineration

•Easy and Quick

•Release greenhouse

gases such as methane

which could be used

for powering

•Release toxic

pollutants

Landfill

•Might pollute

groundwater through

leeching

•Facing less available

space

Sealed landfill

•Prevent leeching but

higher costs

•Limited space

Composting

•Can turn organic

wastes into resources

5.6 Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone

Gas

percentage

Nitrogen

78.1

Oxygen

20.9

Argon

0.9

Carbon dioxide

0.04

Water

Variable

Trace Gases

>0.002

Composition

• Troposphere - 0-12km thick;

• 75% of all gases in atmosphere;

• all weather happens here;

• temperature falls with altitude

• Stratosphere - 12-50 km thick

• temperature increases with altitude (gets warmer!)

• horizontal winds (jet stream)

• contains ozone layer

• Mesosphere - 50-80km thick

• temperature falls with altitude

• meteor showers happen here

• Thermosphere - ionosphere here (reflects radio waves for communications)

• can be very very hot (2000 C+) !

5.6.3: Explain the interaction between ozone and

halogenated organic gases.

• Halogenated organic gases(e.g. CFC) are very stable under normal conditions but can liberate halogen atoms when exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere.

• These atoms react with monatomic oxygen and slow the rate of ozone re-formation. Pollutants enhance the destruction of ozone, thereby disturbing the equilibrium of the ozone production system

How ozone is depleted by CFC’s: • UV radiation breaks off a chlorine atom from a

CFC molecule.

• The chlorine atom attacks an ozone molecule (O3), breaking it apart and destroying the ozone.

• The result is an ordinary oxygen molecule (O2) and a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).

• The chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO) is attacked by a free oxygen atom releasing the chlorine atom and forming an ordinary oxygen molecule (O2).

• The chlorine atom is now free to attack and destroy another ozone molecule (O3). One chlorine atom can repeat this destructive cycle thousands of times.

5.6.4 State the effects of ultraviolet radiation on living

tissues and biological productivity.

• Increase in mutation rates in DNA causing

cancer

• Can cause eye cataracts

• Can damage the ability to carry out

photosynthesis in plants and phytoplankton

• Reduces primary production and therefore total

productivity

Management Strategies for the Ozone

Layer

1. Limit private vehicle driving

• A very easy way to control ozone depletion

would be to limit or reduce the amount of

driving as vehicular emissions eventually

result in smog which is a culprit in the

deterioration of the ozone layer.

2. Use eco-friendly household cleaning products

• Usage of eco-friendly and natural cleaning

products for household chores is a great way to

prevent ozone depletion

3. Avoid using pesticides

• Pesticides may be an easy solution for getting rid

of weed, but are harmful for the ozone layer. The

best solution for this would be to try using natural

remedies, rather than heading out for pesticides.

• 4. Developing stringent regulations for

rocket launches

• All types of rocket engines result in

combustion by products that are ozone-

destroying compounds that are expelled

directly in the middle and upper stratosphere

layer – near the ozone layer.

• 5. Banning the use of dangerous nitrous

oxide

• Governments across the world should take a

strong stand for banning the use of this

harmful compound to save the ozone layer.

• National and international organizations

in reducing the emissions of

ozone-depleting substances.

January/February

Formative

• Date : 7.02.2014

• Syallabus:Pollution

Management

• Marks :40

• Format :Paper 2

February Summative

• Date : 14.02.2014

• Syllabus: Global

Warming

• Marks :50

• Format :Paper 1 &2

What is Montreal Protocol?

• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the

Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention

for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an

international treaty designed to protect the ozone

layer .

• The treaty was opened for signature on September

16th, 1987,

1987 Montreal Protocol –Important agreements

• Froze production and consumption of CFC’s with goal of zero production by year 2000

• LEDC’s granted a longer time to implement the treaty

• China and India have not met their quotas under the MP because of their rapid economic growth and high demand for refrigeration & AC’s

• Good example of a successful international cooperative effort to alter human impact on the environment

• In 1995, the United Nations named September

16 the International Day for the Protection of

the Ozone Layer .

International Treaties

• The Vienna Convention on the Protection of

the Ozone Layer Signed in 1985, this treaty is

the precursor to the Montreal Protocol.

• ,

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat The Ozone Secretariat coordinates implementation of and meetings under the Montreal Protocol.

• OzonAction UNEP’s Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics OzonAction Programme provides industry, government and other stakeholders in developing countries with information exchange services (including this web site), training and Networking of ODS Officers.

5.7 Urban air pollution

What is Photochemical smog ?

• Photochemical smog is formed when

primary pollutants react with

ultraviolet light to create a variety of

toxic and reactive compounds.

The Formation of Smog

• Photochemical smog (or just smog for short) is a term used to describe air pollution that is a result of the interaction of sunlight with certain chemicals in the atmosphere.

• One of the primary components of photochemical smog is ozone.

• While ozone in the stratosphere protects earth from harmful UV radiation, ozone on the ground is hazardous to human health

Effects of Photochemical smog

• Photochemical smog is composed of primary

and secondary pollutants.

• Primary pollutants, which include nitrogen

oxides and volatile organic compounds, are

introduced into the atmosphere via vehicular

emissions and industrial processes.

• Secondary pollutants, like ozone, result from

the reaction of primary pollutants with

ultraviolet light.

LEVEL Strategy

Cause Cars, Buses

and taxis

Reduce demand for private cars through public transport

Promote cycle & bus lanes.

Promote cleaner fuels and hybrid or electrical models

Electricity Reduce consumption of electricity through building design.

Small scale green power on city buildings e.g. solar ,wind

Release and

transfer

Cars, Buses

and taxis

Catalytic converters help reduce Nox emissions

Electricity &

industry

Use cleaner fuels, Taller chimneys to break through inversion

layers

Effects Smog

Prevention

Design and plan city buildings to promote natural cooling and

circulation

Promote opening up and cleaning up of covered water courses

to allow evaporative cooling

Health Raise Awareness

Activated charcoal mask

Most Polluted World Cities by PM

Particulate matter,

μg/m³ (2013) City

169 Cairo, Egypt

150 Delhi, India

128 Kolkata, India (Calcutta)

125 Tianjin, China

123 Chongqing, China

109 Kanpur, India

109 Lucknow, India

104 Jakarta, Indonesia

101 Shenyang, China

1) Acid rain is generally formed by the presence

of gases like sulfur di oxide, Nitrogen Oxides

and C02.

2) These gases mix with water drops in the

atmosphere to from a acid rain.

3) Concentrated acids are corrosive and destroy

metal,wood,rocks and most other material that

come in contact.

What is Acid Rain?

• Natural –Marine algae,Volcanoes,Forest Fires

• Man Made-

• PowerStation,

• Refineries,

• Industries,

• Transport,

• Domestic heating

CAUSES OF ACID RAIN

SO2 &Nitrogen oxides

are released from power

station,industry and car

exhausts

Gases are dispersed by

wind

Gases undergo chemical

changes and react with

water vapour

Pollutants fall as dry

acid particles Pollutants fall as acid

rain

Damage to Buildings, humans animals, trees rivers and

lakes

LAND ECOSYSTEM:

• Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously

damaged by acid rain.

• Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes

to low pHs and are killed.

Effects of acid rain on the followings

Human health effects

• Acid rain does not directly affect human health.

• The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have

direct adverse effects.

• Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in

the air do contribute to heart and lung problems

including asthma and bronchitis

• Acid rain causes a cascade of effects that harm

or kill individual fish, reduce fish population

numbers, completely eliminate fish species

from a waterbody, and decrease biodiversity

WATER ECOSYSTEM