Advancement of IT :
Enabling Technology Through Freedom of Choice, Open Innovation and Collaborative Computing

Professor Dr R Badlishah AhmadUniversiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Introdution

IT is advancing and changing at rapid pace because of Internet (TCP/IP)

Access to Internet become necessity.. from fiber optic to 3G, 4G, WiMAX etc

Everybody is getting connected and make themselves available and accessible anytime and anywhere

What are the software technology behind this? Use by giant company such as Google and Facebook Co..

Internet

1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching technology

1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract

1972: BBNs Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for establishing standard protocols

1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.

Internet

1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (Fathers of the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP

1982: TCP and IP, as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. (IPv4 to IPv6)

1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router

1990: Tim Berners-Lee, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

1991: World Wide Web is introduced to the public

INTERNET is based on TCP/IP and the source code is OPEN/Available

Transmission Medium

coaxial cable, the first broadband transmission medium, invented by AT&T in 1929 for Ethernet: at 400MHz, Cable Loss 5.5dB/100ft

at 20GHz, Loss ~ 100dB/100ft

Data Rate of 10-100Mbs

Transmission Medium

Twisted Pair cabling:Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) & Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

UTP: most popular network cable in data networks for short/medium length (up to 100 meters or 328 feet) BW ~ 1GHzData Rate of 40Gbs (50m) 1 pair of cable

100Gbs (15m) 1 pair of cable

1 Gigabit Ethernet (GE) 250Mb/s per pair (there are 4 pairs)

10GE? Heavier, difficult to maintain Fibre is the best option

Transmission Medium

Fiber Optic BW 1THz, Loss ~ 0.93dB/1km

26 Terabit/s in 1 Wavelength channel at 50km

Explosive of mass data! -> Internet of Things

Internet Evolution to Human (Video)

Freedom of Choice and Open Innovation: Technology Availability

Massachusetts Institute of Technology is leading the way

MIT OCW shares free lecture notes, exams, and other resources from more than 1,700 courses spanning MIT's entire curriculum

40 million visits from virtually every country on earth

Education Gets IT & OPEN

It was 1999, and times were tough: the gold-mining industry was in the doldrums, and Gold Corp Inc a Canadian gold mining firm - was in serious danger of collapse.

But CEO, Rob McEwen, who had just got back from a conference at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, had an "thinking outside the box" epiphany. Why not do gold-mining on the internet?

And Goldcorp did use the Internet to mine gold: in 2000, it abandoned the industry's tradition of secrecy, making thousands of pages of complex geological data available online, and offering $575,000 in prize money to those who could successfully identify where on the Red Lake property the undiscovered veins of gold might lie.

Retired geologists, graduate students and military officers around the world chipped in. They recommended 110 targets, half of which Goldcorp hadn't previously identified. Four-fifths of them turned out to contain gold. The eventual prize winner turned out to be Fractal Graphics, a software firm based in Perth they've never seen a mine, and they don't understand the gold business. Yet, through the power of open sharing and collaboration, they've hit real gold.

Since then, the company's value has rocketed from $100m to $9bn, and disaster has been averted.

Microsoft Commitment

(Microsoft Malaysia presentation at Malaysian Open Source Conference (MOSC) 2011)to achieve Openness and Interoperability with OSS

designing products to support OSS

collaboration with OSS vendors to ensure interoperability between products

contributing to OSS projects

releasing some technologies under approved Open Source licenses

Important of an Open Standard?

Standards, instructions or blueprints that are created and maintained in an open manner.Using a democratic approach where no single individual or company controls the standard. Open standards provide choice and interoperability between systems.

OSS == FS

A type of software defined by its collaborative development model, accessibility of code and distribution models.Examples are GNU/Linux kernel, gcc, Open Office, Xpdf, GIMP etc.

This is in contrast with proprietary software which is only available in a binary or closed format and typically carries a license fee. Examples are Microsoft XP & Vista, Microsoft Visual C/C++, Borland C, MS Office 2007, Adobe Photoshop etc.

Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software (FS)?

Binary code:

Source code:

#include int main (void){ printf("hello, world!\n");return 0;}

Technology Availability

Free Software/Open Source Software(FOSS)

Unix family tree

Time

1970

1990

1980

2000

Bell Labs (AT&T)Ken Thompson
Dennis Ritchie (C language
created to implement a portable OS)

BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)Sun SolarisSunOS (Stanford University Network)NetBSDNextStep AIX (IBM)HP-UXIRIX (SGI)SRV5OpenBSDFreeBSDMacOS X

Bill Joy

Richard Stallman

Linus Torvalds

BSD family

System V family

Ritchie, Thompson

GNUBill Joy

GNU / Linux

GNU Project

GNU = GNU is Not Unix (a recursive acronym!)Project to implement a completely free
Unix-like operating systemStarted by Richard Stallman in 1984, an MIT researcher, in a time when Unix sources were no longer free.

Initial components: C compiler (gcc), make (GNU make), Emacs, C library (glibc), coreutils (ls, cp ...)

However, in 1991, the GNU project was still missing a kernel and was running only on proprietary unice, until the invention of Linux kernel!!

Richard Stallman

Linux Kernel (part of an OS)

Linus Torvald

Free Unix-like kernel created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds

The whole system uses GNU tools:
C library, gcc, binutils, fileutils, make, emacs...

So the whole system is called GNU/Linux

Shared very early as free software (GPL license), which attracted more and more contributors and users

Since 1991, growing faster than any other operating system (not only Unix)

Linux Kernel Evolution

GNU/Linux DISTRIBUTIONS (Distros)

Distros... All in 1 Disc!!

LibreOffice.org: word processing, spreadsheet & presentation

Thunderbird+Lightning: email & calendaring

Firefox, Chrome: Web browsing try the add-ons!

Pidgin: instant messaging

Gimp: image manipulation, animations

Blender: 3D imaging, rendering and animations

Exaile: music manager and player

VLC: video & music player

Much more...

More Sample of FOSS

The GIMP

The GNU Image Manipulation Program
http://gimp.orgLicense: GPL

Main developers: community

Extremely powerful image processor
Similar to Photoshop

Platforms: Unix/Linux/MacOS , Windows

Extensible and scriptable through plugins.

OpenOffice.org

Full featured and popular free office suite
http://openoffice.org/License: LGPL (since version 2.0)

Main developer: Sun Microsystems, with support from a big community. Business model: selling desktop solutions without Microsoft software.

Supported platforms: Unix, Windows, MacOSX

LibreOffice

Main developer: The Document Foundation

A fork of OpenOffice.org.

Support Open Document Format (ODF) to provide freedom

LibreOffice has been downloaded approximately 7.5 million times since its first stable launch in January 2011.

Default office suite in many different Linux distributions, such as Fedora, Linux Mint, openSUSE and Ubuntu.

Google also supports the LibreOffice project

LibreOffice is licensed under the terms of the LGPLv3

http://www.libreoffice.org/

Inkscape

A vector graphics editor http://inkscape.orgLicense: GNU GPL

Developers: community

Supported platforms: Linux/Unix, Windows and MacOS X

Competing with Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator

Mozilla Firefox

Today's most advanced and friendly web browser & No 1 browser
http://mozilla.org/projects/firefoxLicense: MPL (copyleft type)

Main developers: Mozilla Foundation, community

Supported platforms: Unix / Linux, Windows, MacOS X

A very serious competitor to Internet Explorer,
which development was stopped for years!

Market share (March 2007): 24 % in Europe.
It even reaches 44% in Slovenia, 41% in Finland and 36% in Germany! More statistics on http://www.xitimonitor.com.

Eclipse

Integrated development environment (IDE) comprising a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment

written mostly in Java and able to compile JAVA

other programming languages including Ada, C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Lasso, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby (including Ruby on Rails framework), Scala, Clojure, Groovy, Scheme, and Erlang

Scilab

Open Source

Scilab is open source software distributed under CeCILL license

cross-platform numerical computational package

high-level, numerically oriented programming language

MATLAB!

KiCAD

software suite for electronic design automation (EDA)

integrated environment for all of the stages of the design process: Schematic Capture

PCB layout

Gerber file generation/visualization and library editing

cross-platform program, written with wxWidgets to run on FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X

Android

A Software platform and operating system for mobile devices

Based on the Linux kernel.

Found way back in 2003.

Developed in Palo Alto, California.

Developed by the Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White.

Purchased by the GOOGLE in AUGUST, 2005 for $50million

Market Share

Android - Open Handset Alliance (OHA)

Its consortium of several companies.

This group of companies are allowed to use source code of Android and develop applications.

Nokia/Blackberry - not part of OHA.

GNU/Linux alternatives to Proprietary tools

Internet ExplorerMozilla
Firefox
IISApache
MoneyGNU Cash
MS OfficeOpenOffice
MS OutlookEvolution
MS ProjectMr Project
(Planner)
Nerok3b
PhotoshopThe GIMP
WinAmpxmms
W. Media Playerxine
mplayer

Alternatives to Windows programs:
http://linux.ie/newusers/alternatives.php

Why FOSS?Is it because of Cost?

Free Software (Open Source Software)

Free Software grants the below 4 freedoms to the user:

The freedom to run the program, for any purpose

The freedom to study how the program works,
and adapt it to one's needs

The freedom to redistribute copies to help others

The freedom to improve the program, and release one's improvements to the public

See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html

Proprietary Software

Microsoft & EULA (End User License Agreement)

You give up all rights

You accept all obligations placed on you for limited benefit

You may not share the software

You may not change the software

You do not own the software

You may only install the software to one device

We reserve the right to change the license for any reason or purpose at any time

You may only run the software as specifically spelled out in the EULA

Government Adoption Trends

Worldwide, 265 government policy initiatives ranging from pilot projects to preferences (and even mandates) for the use of OSS (Center for Strategic and International Studies April 2006)

Most OSS policy initiatives are in Europe (47%), Asia (27%), LATAM (15%) followed by N. America (9%)

Local/state level more likely to be approved by council/legislative action

***Data taken from CSIS Study on Government Open Source Policies

It is because of Freedom!

Why US Governments move to open source

Public sector organizations must cut costs in an environment of software upgrades, security issues and piracy

The level of acceptance of open source has been raised

The need to provide increased access for business and people

To promote a local software industry

The software can be shared

U.S. Air Force

DISA

Army

Navy

Marine Corp

Coast Guard

NASA

FAA

U.S. Federal Government OSS users

DHS

NOA

Census Bureau

DOJ

GSA

Energy

PTO

U.S. Courts

Sampling of 5,000+ users in the U.S.

City of New York DoITT

City of Chicago

Penn State University

University of Michigan

City of Houston

Louisiana Health & Human Services

City of Philadelphia

Los Angeles County

State of North Carolina ITS

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

California DOJ

Johns Hopkins University

University of Phoenix

Miami-Dade County, FL

University of Chicago

Massachusetts ITD

Wisconsin DET

Georgia University System

NY State Insurance Dept.

MD Anderson

Connecticut DoIT

Indiana University

Florida EPA

NC DPI

Minnesota DOT

Pennsylvania OIT

DeKalb County, GA

NC University System

Henrico County, VA

City of Seattle

Purdue University

Arizona State University

MIT

CUNY & SUNY

University of Texas

Florida Department of Health

Carnegie Mellon University

Baltimore County, MD

Emory University

City of Los Angeles

Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSSThe number one reason for this change is economic - Sergio Amadeu, National Institute for Information Technology (BBC, 2005)

Plan open source when digitizing the Federal court system

State of Parana adopting eGroupWare, MySQL solution for its 10,000 users

The world of technology is opening up; there are hundreds of thousands of people working to improve free software. The old, closed model must adapt in order to survive.Cerqueira Cesar, Head of IT, Banco do Brasil

Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS

All Schools will be using Linux PC (825,000 installation 2008), 2009 another 150,000 LXF Magazine July 2008.

Focus on Brazil's government

State Government of Kerala Announced in 2006 it will be a completely FLOSS zone

Deploying linux in 12,500 schools

Goa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal using Linux to save costs on e-governance

Sam Pitroda, National Knowledge Commission: ... we must actively encourage wherever possible open source software implementations and open standards.

Several national and local government projects to distribute OSS freely in local languages

Focus on India's government

Approved by the Government IT and Internet Committee on 19th February 2004

Announcement of OSS Master Plan 16th July 2004

Formulated through consultative process involving government agencies, institutions of higher learning, nonprofit organizations

Institute of Microelectronic Systems established OS R&D group; maintain Asian Open Source Centre

Administration Modernization and Management Planning Unit created Open Source Competency Centre (OSCC) and wrote a government-approved OSS planMigration roadmap for e-mail, browsers first, then databases

Focus on Malaysia's government

List of Linux adopters in Education - 1/2

Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following:The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in developing countries.

Republic of Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs (December 2005). Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.

List of Linux adopters in Education - 2/2

Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000, switched to a custom distribution of Linux, (FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux), in September 2005.

Brazil has around 20,000 Linux desktops running in elementary and secondary public schools.

Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools.

22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools in 2006.

Linux Foundation Report 2010

Linux is poised for growth in the coming years (2011):77% of companies are planning to add more GNU/Linux servers in the next twelve months

only 41% of respondents are planning to add Windows servers in the next year

while 44% say that they will decreasing or maintaining the number of Windows servers in their organizations over the same time period

over the next five years, 80% of respondents plan on adding more GNU/Linux, relative to other operating systems, compared to only 21% planning on adding more Microsoft servers in the same period.

Summary

FOSS is about Freedom and not Cost!! Internet based on TCP/IP is FOSS..

THE END...

The free software movement is one of the most successful social movements to emerge in the past 25 years, driven by a worldwide community of ethical programmers dedicated to the cause of freedom and sharing. But the ultimate success of the free software movement depends upon teaching our friends, neighbors and work colleagues about the danger of not having software freedom, about the danger of a society losing control over its computing

www.fsf.org

Questions & Comments?

Dr R. Badlishah AhmadAssoc. ProfessorUniversiti Malaysia Perlis(UniMAP)

21-08-2008

Source: J. Punzak (Director (Education) Red Hat), C. Burlingame (CIO, MA Trial Court), Massachusetts Digital Government Summit & from http://free-electrons.com