1. Prepared by :- Taghreed Hamza hawswi BSN-RN CPR instructor,
TOT trainer Master student 1st year Management for Immune
Defense
2. L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S By the end of the lesson
the learner will be able to define The immune defense &
immunodeficiency By the end of the lesson the learner will be able
to describe the process of body defense against disease By the end
of the lesson the learner will be able to enumerat the line of
defense mechanism
3. L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S By the end of the lesson
the learner will be able to Differentiate between (primary &
secondary ) case of Immunodeficiency disease By the end of the
lesson the learner will be able to demonstrate nursing management
for patient with Immunodeficiency disease
4. Introduction Throughout life, the human body can be invaded
by many disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi
and parasites. Collectively, these are known as pathogens and can
trigger a specific immune response. Other substances that may
trigger such a response include chemicals from the environment,
pollen grains or foreign tissue cells.
5. Introduction Any substance that stimulates a specific immune
response is called an antigen . This topic explores how the immune
system protects the body from harmful antigens and how the latest
medical technology is used in the production of vaccines .
6. Section 1 Immune Defense
7. 5 minute
8. Definition Immune defense is the coordinated, complicated
interplay of cellular mechanisms and antibodies to fight
disease-causing agents, including viruses, bacteria, and other
types of infection.
9. Function of Immune system To protect the body from harmful
substances, such as pathogens and environmental pollutants.
10. Nonspecific External Barriers skin, mucous membranes If
these barriers are penetrated, the body responds with Innate Immune
Response phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, fever
If the innate immune response is insufficient, the body responds
with Adaptive Immune Response cell-mediated immunity, humoral
immunity Defense Against Disease
11. Lines of defense The immune system provides three lines of
defense. The first and second lines of defense of the human body
are nonspecific immune responses The third line of defense, immune
system, reacts in specialized ways for various invaders
12. Non-specific defenses are designed to prevent infections by
viruses and bacteria. These include: Intact skin Mucus Cilia The
Defense
13. Role of skin Dead skin cells are constantly sloughed off,
making it hard for invading bacteria to colonize. Sweat and oils
contain anti-microbial chemicals, including some antibiotics.
14. Mucus contains lysozymes, enzymes that destroy bacterial
cell walls. The normal flow of mucus washes bacteria and viruses
off of mucus membranes. Cilia in the respiratory tract move mucus
out of the lungs to keep bacteria and viruses out. Role of mucus
and cilia
15. Role of phagocytes Phagocytes are several types of white
blood cells (including macrophages and neutrophils) that seek and
destroy invaders. Some also destroy damaged body cells. Phagocytes
are attracted by an inflammatory response of damaged cells.
16. Role of inflammation Inflammation is signaled by mast
cells, which release histamine. Histamine causes fluids to collect
around an injury to dilute toxins. This causes swelling. The
temperature of the tissues may rise, which can kill
temperature-sensitive microbes.
17. Third line of defense Specific defenses are those that give
us immunity to certain diseases. In specific defenses, the immune
system forms a chemical memory of the invading microbe. If the
microbe is encountered again, the body reacts so quickly that few
or no symptoms are felt.
18. Antibodies Antibodies are assembled out of protein chains.
There are many different chains that the immune system assembles in
different ways to make different antibodies.
19. Antigen recognition Cells of the immune system are trained
to recognize self proteins vs. not self proteins. If an antigen
(not self) protein is encountered by a macrophage, it will bring
the protein to a helper T-cell for identification. If the helper
T-cell recognizes the protein as not self, it will launch an immune
response.
20. Role of Antibodies Antibodies released into the blood
stream will bind to the antigens that they are specific for.
Antibodies may :- 1- Disable some microbes 2-Cause them to stick
together (agglutinate). 3- They tag microbes so that the microbes
are quickly recognized by various white blood cells.
21. How vaccines work Modern vaccines are created from killed
bacteria or viruses, or fragments of proteins from these microbes.
1- The proteins are recognized as antigens by our immune systems.
2-This causes a mild immune response. 3-Memory T-cells and B-cells
remain ready to fight off the illness if it is encountered
again.
22. How antibiotics work 1- Antibiotics help destroy bacteria
(but not viruses). 2- Slowing bacteria reproduction. 3- Interfering
with bacterial cell wall formation.
23. Medical science has created to systems for augmenting the
human immune system: Antibiotics (NOT the same as antibodies)
Vaccines Medical Management
24. Section 1
25. Immunodeficiency defined Decreased or compromised ability
to respond to antigenic stimuli by appropriate cellular immunity
reaction. May be secondary to loss of immunoglobulin's or an
abnormality of B or T cell lymphocytes
26. Immunodeficiency Primaryinborn errors. Can affect
lymphocytes, phagocytes, complement system SecondaryMore common and
may be related to underlying diseases or the treatment of these
diseases.
27. Causes of secondary immunodeficiency Malnutrition Burns
Uremia Diabetes mellitus Immunotoxic medications Self-medication of
recreational drugs and alcohol AIDS
28. Section 3 Nursing Management
29. Nursing Management for Patient with Immunodeficiency in
general Assess for infection 1. Fever 2. White patches in oral
cavity 3. Adenopathy 4. Persistent diarrhea 5. Frequency, urgency
or pain upon urination 6. Redness, drainage or swelling of skin
lesions 7. Persistent vaginal discharge 8. Cough with or w/o
sputum
31. Nursing Assessments Identification of risky sexual
practices, drug use (IV) Physical assessment Respiratory status
Nutritional status Skin integrity Neurologic status Fluid and
electrolyte balance Knowledge level
32. Nursing Diagnoses 1-Diarrhea related to enteric pathogens
or HIV infection 2- Risk for infection related to immunodeficiency
3- Ineffective airway clearance related topneumocystis pneumonia
(PCP), increased secretions, decreased ability to cough 4-
Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements 5- Social
isolation related to stigma of disease, fear of infecting
others
33. Nursing Interventions Improving airway clearance Preventing
infections Maintaining thought processes Improving activity
tolerance Promoting skin integrity Promoting usual bowel patterns
Relieving pain and discomfort Improving nutritional status
34. Nursing Interventions Decreasing sense of isolation Coping
with grief Monitoring and managing potential
complications-respiratory failure, cachexia, side effects of
medications Teach self-care
35. Evaluation Maintains effective airway Maintains usual level
of thought processes Resumes usual bowel habits Maintains skin
integrity Experiences no infections Maintains adequate level of
activity tolerance Maintains adequate nutritional status Progresses
through grief process Remains free of complications
36. Summary Viruses and bacteria are everywhere. Some of them
want to invade our body. Our body defend itself against viruses and
bacteria.
37. Brunner, L., Smeltzer, S., & Bare, B. (2010). Hand Book
for Brunner & Suddarths textbook of medical-surgical nursing.
Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr
=&id=SmtjSD1x688C&oi=fnd&pg=PA131
1&dq=Brunner+%26+Suddarth%27s+Te xtbook+of+Medical-
Surgical+Nursing&ots=cii4p83QfO&sig=
3-niIms8D7CobiuLjIICoTeTKY8