Review!Review!

Communism & CapitalismCommunism & Capitalism Karl Marx and Frederic Karl Marx and Frederic

Engels witnessed the Engels witnessed the horrors of horrors of industrializationindustrialization

Together they wrote Together they wrote The Communist The Communist ManifestoManifesto..

Capitalism Communism

Founder Adam Smith Karl Marx

Books The Wealth of Nations The Communist ManifestoDas Kapital

CapitalismCapitalism CommunismCommunism

View of View of GovernmentGovernment

Government Government should not should not interfere with interfere with economy: economy: laissez-fairelaissez-faire

Everything is Everything is owned by the owned by the governmentgovernment

Government Government closely regulates closely regulates the economy the economy (sets prices, tells (sets prices, tells factories what to factories what to make, etc.)make, etc.)

Industrial Revolution IIIndustrial Revolution II

The second industrial revolution began in The second industrial revolution began in the early 1800’sthe early 1800’s

This is when other countries began to This is when other countries began to industrialize.industrialize.

Before long nations such as Germany and Before long nations such as Germany and the United States had surpassed (gone the United States had surpassed (gone beyond) Britain.beyond) Britain.

They were producing more goodsThey were producing more goods They were producing faster and more They were producing faster and more

efficientlyefficiently

What Effects did What Effects did industrialization have on industrialization have on these countries?these countries?

The same effects it had on England.The same effects it had on England. People working long hours for low payPeople working long hours for low pay Terrible pollutionTerrible pollution SlumsSlums People being hurt or killed at workPeople being hurt or killed at work Child LaborChild Labor

Technologies of the second Technologies of the second Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

1) Steel1) Steel

2) Chemicals2) Chemicals

3) Electricity3) Electricity

4) New methods of production4) New methods of production

Impacts of The Spread of Impacts of The Spread of the Industrial Revolutionthe Industrial Revolution

1) Population Growth1) Population Growth

2) Growth of Cities2) Growth of Cities

3) New Social Order3) New Social Order

4) Changes in Science and Religion4) Changes in Science and Religion

Bad Science!Bad Science!

Darwin’s theories lead to the racist theory Darwin’s theories lead to the racist theory of “Social Darwinism”of “Social Darwinism”

Social Darwinists believe that white Social Darwinists believe that white people are inherently superior to other people are inherently superior to other people AND that rich people are people AND that rich people are inherently superior to poor people.inherently superior to poor people.

These ideas will lead to some terrible These ideas will lead to some terrible thingsthings

What is Nationalism?What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.themselves as a nation.

During the 19During the 19thth and 20 and 20thth centuries, centuries, nationalism was anationalism was a

powerful force that could:powerful force that could: Create one nation from many Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany)Germany)

Break one nation up into many Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)and Turkey)

Otto von BismarkOtto von Bismark

German unification was ultimately German unification was ultimately achieved under the leadership of Otto achieved under the leadership of Otto von Bismark, PM of Prussia and of the von Bismark, PM of Prussia and of the Junker (wealthy landowner) background, Junker (wealthy landowner) background, who detested democracy but found it who detested democracy but found it useful to rally the people around him to useful to rally the people around him to support his policies. support his policies. 

Bismark would take specific steps to Bismark would take specific steps to ensure that unification would be a reality.  ensure that unification would be a reality. 

Bismark and Military Bismark and Military MightMight

Bismark’s steps of Bismark’s steps of unification:unification:

War with Denmark 1864 War with Denmark 1864 over Schleswig-Holstein.over Schleswig-Holstein.

War with Austria 1866 and War with Austria 1866 and the consequent the consequent establishment of the north establishment of the north German confederation in German confederation in 1866. Established the 1866. Established the BundesratBundesrat and and Reichstag.Reichstag.

War with France 1870-71 War with France 1870-71 to bring the southern to bring the southern states into Germany.states into Germany.

Final Determination of Final Determination of BoundariesBoundaries

To finally ensure To finally ensure unification of all unification of all desired territory, desired territory, Bismark provoked a Bismark provoked a fight with the French. fight with the French. The German states The German states united, and the united, and the French had to cede French had to cede Alsace and Lorraine Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.to Germany.

Germany did not Germany did not become a liberal become a liberal democracy, but a democracy, but a slightly limited slightly limited monarchy, still monarchy, still dominated by the dominated by the old ruling class, old ruling class, and not the and not the bourgeoisie as in bourgeoisie as in other countries. other countries.

Factors That Led to Italian Factors That Led to Italian UnificationUnification

GeographyGeography• Italy is isolatedItaly is isolated• The Alps are to the North, surrounded by The Alps are to the North, surrounded by

oceans.oceans.• Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop

its own ways, customs.its own ways, customs. HistoryHistory

• Italians are very proud of their heritage, Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance.including the Italian Renaissance.

• Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again desire not to be conquered again Italian Italian unity.unity.

Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, CavourEfforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

Giuseppe Mazzini,Giuseppe Mazzini,“Prophet of Italian Unification”“Prophet of Italian Unification”

He was a member of the He was a member of the CarbonariCarbonari..

The Carbonari were a The Carbonari were a secret group which secret group which used violence to obtain used violence to obtain what it wanted.what it wanted.

He formed He formed Young ItalyYoung Italy, , made up of young made up of young people whose job it was people whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm to arouse enthusiasm for a united nation.for a united nation.

Tried revolution but it Tried revolution but it failed.failed.

Count Cavour, Count Cavour, “Architect of Italian Unification”“Architect of Italian Unification”

Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt against (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt against Austria.Austria.

This revolt encouraged other Italian states to This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.revolt.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Garibaldi, “The Sword of Italian Unification”“The Sword of Italian Unification”

Garibaldi first invaded Garibaldi first invaded Sicily, then urged them Sicily, then urged them to join Piedmont-to join Piedmont-Sardinia under the Sardinia under the leadership of Victor leadership of Victor Emmanuel.Emmanuel.

Garibaldi handed over Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.Victor Emmanuel.

How Italy was UnitedHow Italy was United

The Addition of the Papal States:The Addition of the Papal States: Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops Garibaldi’s advance.Garibaldi’s advance. Unification nears completion.Unification nears completion.

1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except 1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except

Venetia and Rome.Venetia and Rome. 1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united 1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united

nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the

establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

Nationalism divides two Nationalism divides two empiresempires

Austrian empireAustrian empire Ottoman empireOttoman empire Both large empires containing many Both large empires containing many

ethnic groupsethnic groups

The ethnic groups in Austrian and The ethnic groups in Austrian and Ottoman empires wanted independence Ottoman empires wanted independence

The nationalism of these groups helped The nationalism of these groups helped to divide and bring down these empiresto divide and bring down these empires

Dual Monarchy in AustriaDual Monarchy in Austria

Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy

Austrian Empire became Austro-Austrian Empire became Austro-Hungarian EmpireHungarian Empire

Austria and Hungary became Austria and Hungary became independent nationsindependent nations

Both nations ruled by same person: Both nations ruled by same person: Francis JosephFrancis Joseph

Decline of RussiaDecline of Russia

Russia remained an absolute Russia remained an absolute monarchy while the rest of Europe monarchy while the rest of Europe was developing constitutions and was developing constitutions and democraciesdemocracies

Emancipation of SerfsEmancipation of Serfs

Serfs (slaves) freed by Alexander II 1861.Serfs (slaves) freed by Alexander II 1861. Despite freedom, many serfs remained Despite freedom, many serfs remained

hopelessly poor, others traveled to cities hopelessly poor, others traveled to cities (industrialization) to work in factories (industrialization) to work in factories following Russia’s rapid industrialization following Russia’s rapid industrialization in 1881.in 1881.

Zemstvos: Give Russians a chance a Zemstvos: Give Russians a chance a local governmentlocal government

Assassination of Alexander II in 1881Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 His son Nicholas I cracked down on His son Nicholas I cracked down on

liberals and reformersliberals and reformers

PogromsPogroms

Jews forced into ghettos Jews forced into ghettos Two waves of pogroms kill thousands of Two waves of pogroms kill thousands of

Jews, leave tens of thousands homelessJews, leave tens of thousands homeless Many Jews leave Russia fro USA and Many Jews leave Russia fro USA and

elsewhere.elsewhere.

Bloody Sunday & 1905 Bloody Sunday & 1905 RevolutionRevolution

Peaceful march of workers to Czar’s Peaceful march of workers to Czar’s winter palace turns into massacre, troops winter palace turns into massacre, troops slaughter marchers.slaughter marchers.

News of Bloody Sunday spreads, News of Bloody Sunday spreads, everyone in Russia upseteveryone in Russia upset

General strikeGeneral strike Nicholas II announces reforms, creates Nicholas II announces reforms, creates

DumaDuma