Industrialization and Reform

Essential Questions -

How did industrialization, social reform, and philosophical movements influence the direction of American life?

How did people respond to the new challenges of industrial life?

• Modern industrialization brainstorming

• Understand causes of industrialization

• Evaluate the effects of industrialization

• PowerPoint presentation industrialization

• Brainstorming effects of industrialization

3 Revolutions (1820s-1850s)

• Economic

• Social Reform

• Political

New Immigrants

• Do you know where they were from??

Irish Immigration = 2 m. in 20yrs

Irish Population % in U.S. Today

The Marshall Court Decisions

• Fletcher v. Peck

• Dartmouth v. Woodward(Daniel Webster )

– States cannot impair the obligation of contracts

The Marshall Court Decisions

• Gibbons v. Ogden

– Fed. Gov’t. regulates interstate commerce

Fulton’s steamboat

Claremont (1809)

                       

          

 

A Market Society

• The Factory System – Samuel Slater est.shed America’s first factory in

1790 – First large-scale American factory (1814 Waltham,

MA)• Lowell followed

– “interchangeable parts” that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products

– South lags behind North

Lowell Mills

Lowell Mills

Water Power

The Locks at Lowell (32 ft. drop)

Boott Mill (1835)

Lowell Boardinghouse

Morning Bell at Lowell

1st Ring

4:30

Last Ring

10:00

Lowell Factory Church (1825)

Rise of factories

Samuel Morse and his Telegraph

A New Economy

• Transportation – Improvements costs and linked farmers to markets – Toll roads did little – Improved water transportation did most

• Steamboat/ canals • increased the speed• lowered the expense of commerce $100- $10

– Railroads – Telegraph

Railroads & Canals Example

• Robert Fulton’s Steamboat 1809(Fulton’s Folly)

• Erie Canal (1825)

(Clinton’s Ditch)

• Catskill to Ithaca Railroad (1928)

Travel During the Erie Canal Era

Dirt Road(freight)

Canal(freight)

Method Wagon 8 Horses

Line Boat 2 Mules

Amount of Time 15-45 Days 9 Days

Cost $100/Ton $6/Ton

 

Connecting the Great Lakes w/ Miss. River

Railroads, Canals, & Turnpikes

Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830 • pg. 315

Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830

Table 9.1 • pg. 317

The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800–1820 • pg. 316

The Market Revolution: Western Settlement,

1800–1820

A New Economy (con’t)• Inventions

– Eli Whitney’s cotton gin – McCormick’s reaper

• Unfree Westward Movement – App. 1 million slaves moved from to the Deep South

between 1800 and 1860 – Slave trading became a well-organized business

• slave coffles – Cotton became the empire of liberty’s most

important export

Social Reformers

Dorothea Dix

• Girls school 1821

• Report to MA (reading)

• Helped open mental hospitals in 11 states

Horace Mann

• Started MA public schools

• 'common' or public schools would strengthen democracy by uniting children of all social classes

(PBS.org)

Colleges Founded

• Amherst (1821)

• Trinity College (1823)

• Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1836)

• Oberlin (1833)

The Smithsonian Founded 1846

• British scientist gives money to nephew/U.S.

Women’s Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s Rights

Susan B. Anthony

So let us consider women in the 1st half of the 18th C.

• Adams “Don’t forget the ladies”• “The Cult of True Womanhood” “cult of domesticity”

• Seneca Falls – 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”

Transcendentalist

• Truth “transcends” human understanding

• Natural world

• Reclaim life from mechanized world

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist

• Henry David Thoreau

• On Civil Disobedience– Opposition to Mexican War

(it’ll promote slavery)

– Refused to pay tax

($ used for the war)

Communal Living

• Robert Owen New Harmony– Cooperation would “supersede individual

interest”– Econ. equality…Socialism??

2nd Great Awakening

• Educated, Middle class-oriented

• Emotions

• celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination

• Timothy Dwight & Charles Finney

Religion

• Mormon faith

• Joseph Smith

• Brigham Young leads them west (1846)

Mormon Trail

The Trail Today

Some Major Trails West

Land Acquisition