Instructional Design

Instructional Technology

The use of technology (computers, compact disc, interactive media, modem, satellite, teleconferencing, etc.) to support learning

Instructional design

The process by which instruction is improved through the analysis of learning needs and systematic development of learning materials

Instructional designer

Instructional designers often use Instructional design as a method to create instructional material

Instructional Design model

A systematic guidelines instructional designers follow in order to create a workshop, a course, a curriculum, an instructional program, or a training session (McGriff, 2001)

Instructional Design Models

Dick and Cary Instructional Design Model (1978)

Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction (1992)

Smith and Ragan Model (1993)

kemp, Morrison, and Ross (1994)

ASSURE Model Heinch, Molenda, Russell, Smaldino (1996)

The five stages of instructional Design

A

D

D

Analysis

Design

Implement

Evaluate

ADDIE

I

E

Develop

The ADDIE model

The ADDIE model provides instructional designers with a framework in order to make sure that their instructional products are effective . ADDIE stands for the steps of the model.

Steps of Analysis stage q  Analysis on the students q  Analysis on the learning environment q  Analysis on the Teaching content

Analysis Pre-planning; thinking about the project

q  Analysis on the students Ø Students’ particulars such as characters,

age, gender, and level in learning. Ø previous knowledge that the students have. Ø students’ learning style. ( There are some who find it easy to understand a

new concept if given visual aids, some who like working in groups and some who like working individually)

Analysis

q  Analysis on the learning environment Resources that are available in school or some

organization such as: tools, cost, timeline, place of learning, will determine the method of presentation

q Analysis on the Teaching content In this stage the designer organize the

content , and divide it into units , and each unit into tasks and learning activities

Analysis

Steps of Designing stage q Designing learning objectives q Choosing teaching strategies q Designing user interface q Designing the storyboard

Designing Design your project on paper

q  Design learning objectives Ø  Writing good, sound learning objectives that answer the question

“What will the learner be able to DO once they complete this training” Ø  Learning Objectives are usually set for three domains:

Designing

Cognitive: Creating new knowledge

Affective: Developing feelings and emotions

Psychomotor :Enhancing physical and manual skills

q Are designed to increase individual knowledge .Cognitive objectives relate to understanding, comprehension, and critical thinking on a particular topic

q Examples: Ø Define the instructional technology Ø Describe the meaning of instructional design Ø Recall the different models of instructional

design

Cognitive Learning Objectives

Designing •  Understanding the various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy can

help you answer this question. The six levels of the Bloom’s Taxonomy are:

1- Knowledge

2- comprehension

3- Application

4- Analysis

5- Synthesis

6- Evaluation

q Are designed to describe the way people react emotionally / it describes the growth in (attitudes- emotions- feeling)

q Examples Ø Listen to others with respect Ø Recognize the need for balance between

freedom and responsible behaviors Ø Show self reliance when working

independently

Affective Objectives

q Are designed to describe the ability to physical manipulate a tool or instrument like hand or a hammer

q Examples Ø Make a design for an instructional material Ø Drive a car Ø Use personal computer

Psychomotor Objectives

Ø Choosing teaching strategies There are various teaching strategies that are

commonly used in systematic teaching based on situation and learners. (Some of them are

: drilling, tutorial, games and simulation)

Designing

Ø Design the storyboard It is one of the most important steps of designing phase,

Storyboard is a graphic organize in the form of illustrations or iamges displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, or interactive media sequence.

instructional designer is the one that creates the storyboard to guide the programming team who design the project. It allows them to see what the instructional designer wants to create .

The first step in creating a storyboard is to draw a series of squares on a piece of paper . Think of these squares as the video frame. In each square a different shot or scene will take place.

Designing

•  You can sketch the scenes by hand or create them on a computer or even. Make sure to leave space to write notes and lines from the script beneath or next to each frame.

Designing

q  Design the User Interface Ø  The goal of user interface design is to make the user's interaction as

simple and efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing user goals.

Ø  Below are a number of principles and ideas for designing a great user interface.

•  Consistency is Vital •  Your Users Will Make Mistakes •  Offer Personalization Options •  Use Tabbed Navigation and Buttons for Actions •  Keep Things Simple •  Display help messages that attract the eye •  Design feedback messages carefully •  Short sign-up forms •  Enable Keyboard Shortcuts

Steve Jobs once said, “design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works

Designing

•  How to Design a Great User Interface

How to Design a Great User Interface

Ø The development phase is the process of authoring and producing the course.

Ø It is the actual creation of the content and learning materials based on the design phase.

Development Develop course materials and assemble the course

q  Now, it's time to put the course in front of the learners and measure how they interact with the materials.

q  During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is developed.

Ø  The facilitators' training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures.

Ø Preparation of the learners include training them on new tools (software or hardware), student registration. and field testing the learning environment for completeness, user-friendliness, and quality

Implementing The content is put into action with real students within the learning Environment

q Two Types of Evaluation Ø  Formative evaluation Information for this type of

evaluation is collected while going through each of the stages to further improve the teaching and learning process. In order to avoid from having a big problem that can only be detected after a program had been developed.

Ø  Summative Evaluation This type of evaluation is done towards the end of the teaching and learning process to evaluate and make any necessary changes for the next session of teaching and learning.

Evaluation Look at the course outcomes with a critical eye

An example for an instructional material (amoral story for kids)

Type of instructional material

Title of the instructional material

Designing an instructional material

q Learning Objectives After studying this instructional material , students have to:

Ø memorize the number of kitchen items

Ø  Identify the function of each kitchen item

Ø Know the real meaning of co-operation

Ø Stop proud of ourselves

q Choosing teaching strategy The instructor selected the storytelling as a teaching strategy to teach his students the real meaning of co-operation ,and to tell his students not to proud of themselves because every one has his own talents

q Design the storyboard

Audio Video Screen shot

There was a beautiful house

Far shoot for a house, move to a close one

It has an attractive kitchen

Zoom in for aside of kitchen

Design the User Interface

play

A funny Kitchen

When you click on play , the story begins

q References Ø  http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/EDTEC700/ETP/addie.htm Ø  http://goanimate.com/video-maker-tips/what-is-a-storyboard-

and-why-do-you-need-one/ Ø  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard Ø  http://www.instructionaldesign.org/models/addie.html Ø  http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html Ø  http://www.instructionaldesigncentral.com/htm/

IDC_instructionaldesignmodels.htm#dickcarey Ø  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiLLz1SaxGc Ø  http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html Ø  http://www.siue.edu/~jomarsh/models.html Ø  http://www.krummefamily.org/guides/bloom.html Ø  http://uxdesign.smashingmagazine.com/2009/01/19/12-useful-

techniques-for-good-user-interface-design-in-web-applications Ø  http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2010/10/how-to-design-a-

great-user-interface/

Instructional Design for E-Learning