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An Introduction

Instruments and mixed methods research: Focus on questionnaires

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Page 1: Instruments and mixed methods research: Focus on questionnaires

An Introduction

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Why questionnaires?Where should questionnaire items

come from?Go over a few electronic resources

(Google Scholar, IRIS database, Google Forms, CAPES journals)

Questionnaires (peer-feedback)Examples in practice (if time) Weebly

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Objetivo: dar e receber feedback, mostrando a utilidade de revisão por pares, e assim ajudando também a aprimorar os instrumentos.

Analise os itens nos questionários, anotando dúvidas, comentários, sugestões, etc.

Confirme a presença das partes essenciais (título, etc.)

Quando terminar, se darão feedback em grupos.

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Casos na vida real...

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Dr. Fulano quer pesquisar as opiniões sobre Inglês como Língua Franca. Ele aplica um questionário para seus alunos na graduação cursando de Letras Língua Inglesa (n=18). O questionário inclui perguntas abertas e fechadas. Ele analisa os dados produzidos pelo instrumento, e chega a algumas conclusões que ele acha que são interessantes e publicáveis. A resposta do editor da revista, no entanto, é negativa: “Nós não publicamos pesquisas provenientes exclusivamente de questionários.” A resposta surpreende Dr. Fulano. Também surpreende você?

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What is it?Why do it?

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‘Mixed-Method’ researchHelps achiece a fuller understanding

of a target phenomenonVerify one set of findings against

another (triangulation)Can “add flesh to the bones”

(Dornyei, 2007, p. 171)

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An example from Africa... (video)

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Projeto de pesquisa, antes de chegar à UFPR

Churrasco na casa de Dr. Fulano + anotações

Almoço no Madeiro com colega do Dr. Fulano, Dra. Sicrana + mais

Primeiro rascunho de questionário Envio de rascunho para Dr. Fulano, Dra.

Fulana, e outra colega. Primeira revisão...

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UnstructuredSemi-structuredStructured

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1. Decide on which research questions (or which aspect of the research question)

2. Identify interviewees3. Determine the type of interview (e.g.

Skype, telephone, focus, one-on-one)4. Choose recording equipment5. Design and use an interview protocol

(open -ended questions, avoid leading questions, avoid 'double-barreled' questions, consider comprehensibility)

6. Pilot the instrument7. Obtain consent

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"When conducting a semi-structured interview one should treat the interview guide as just that - a guide, not a checklist to be strictly followed." (Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition, Mackey & Gass, 2012)

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Develop a coding scheme!

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grounded theory initial/open coding (going through line

by line and assigning lables or codes)axial coding (establishing connections,

often by different participants, but also between categories)

selective coding/focused coding (applying the coding scheme)

Member-checking

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2 artigos diferentes, cada um exemplificando conceitos ‘mixed-method’

1.Quais foram os instrumentos usados?2.Com quem foram usados?3.Como foram aplicados?4.Qual foi o método usado para analisar

os dados?5.(quando relevante) Qual é a natureza

das perguntas no ‘interview schedule’ (por exemplo, ‘open’, ‘closed’)?

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