Slide 1 INTEGRATING COMPANION ANIMAL

KNOWLEDGE INTO AQUATIC

VETERINARY MEDICINE

C. I Walster BVMS MVPH CertAqV MRCVS

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Slide 2 Diversity Over 300 species across

several Phyla farmed

Around 2000 species kept as ornamentals

Numerous species hunted or used for sport

Varying habitats/ecosystems

Varying physiological requirements

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Slide 3 Veterinary Roles General Disease Ecology – VHS in the Great Lakes

Environmental – Water Quality, AMR, pollutants

Epidemiology

Fisheries Management

Aquaculture/Ornamental Fish Farms

Aquaponics

Sea food inspection

Fish distributors and pet retailers

Private practice clients -Koi ponds / house calls

Public Aquariums / Zoos

Research – zebra fish

Gill Snip

Fin Clip

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Slide 4 Veterinary Roles and Reality Fish Farms similar to poultry or pig practice

Fisheries Management – working for Governments or NGO’s

Sea Food Inspection – public health role

Fish Distributors and Pet Retailers - Industry

Private Practice Clients -Koi Ponds / House Calls

Marine Mammals – lots of interest, few jobs possibly the military or university

Public Aquariums / Zoos – Inspection, Research, Public Education, Conservation

Zebra fish – Laboratory animal medicine

Gill Snip

Fin Clip

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Slide 5 Farming - Why the requirement?

Harvest Fisheries59MMT (19%)

Farmed Fisheries 63MMT (17%)

Poultry 59MMT (16%)

Beef/Veal 57MMT (16%)

Pork 90MMT (26%)

Lamb/Mutton 8MMT

(2%)

Other Animal Protein 25MMT

(7%)

2010 Global Animal Protein Production

Currently aquatic animals provide the protein requirements to half the human population

“Predictions are that by 2050 half the animal protein consumed by people will come from aquaculture.”

Barry O’Neil, President OIE – May 2009.

"Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture”. World Bank, FAO and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Image from www.fcrn.org.uk

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Slide 6 Ornamentals - Why the requirement?

Romans kept Conger eels Chinese kept Goldfish Japanese kept Koi In some countries e.g. UK, Germany,

USA as much as 10x combined population of cats and dogs

Marines and some freshwater are a useful source of income for indigenous peoples – worth more than as food

Helps protect natural environments –Project Piaba and New England Aquarium

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Slide 7 Current Issues LACK OF LICENCED TREATMENTS

various programs INAD’S USA, Draft EU Vet Med Reg – Cascade

Disease – limits returns, insurance issue

Mis-information Resistance to

current treatments

Water Resources and other users

Misinformation

K. de Balogh FAO (2010)

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Slide 8 THINGS YOU ALREADY KNOW

THINGS YOU ALREADY HAVE

THINGS YOU MIGHT NEED

Environment

Water Quality

Management

History

Clinical Exam

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnosis

Treatment

Microscope

Surgical Instruments

X-ray

Ultrasound

In-house Biochem

Skin Scrape

Gill Biopsy

Blood Sample

Post Mortem Sampling

Anaesthetic Machine

Water Quality Test kit

Faecal sample

Confidence

If not go to

www.wavma.org

Disease Ecology

Geographical

Vectors

Reservoirs

Hosts

Temperature

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Slide 9 THE HISTORY

i. Pond or tank, indoor or outdoor, freshwater or marine?

ii. Volume and stocking density?

iii. Species kept

iv. Recent introductions or not?

v. Symptoms seen and timespan?

vi. Water quality as measured by the owner (temperature, pH, NH3, NO2, NO3 as a minimum plus if possible GH, KH and DO2 and any other readings they might have)?

vii. Feed type

viii. Any other relevant environmental factors?

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Slide 10 Clinical Exam

Check water quality. DO NOT rely on owners!

Visualise the fish

Excess mucus/slime (colours dull possibly parasites/bacterial)

Measure opercular rate (increase/decrease rate and effort)

Obvious lumps, bumps or ulcers (aeromonads/pseudomonads, lymphocystis, papilloma)

Fin or tail erosion (possible flexibacter)

Are the white areas erythematous (possible septicaemia)

Any other lesions apparent (cotton wool indicative of fungal infection).

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Slide 11 80% PLUS OF DISEASES CAN

BE DIAGNOSED BY:

WaterQualityTesting

SkinScrape

Gill Snip/Biopsy

Pictures courtesy Dr R. Loh/Dr. N. Saint-Erne/WAVMA

Faecal Sample

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Slide 12 Additional Testing

Bacteriology

• Samples for bacterial culturing are taken from lesions, organs (kidney) or blood.

• Use sterile technique to avoid contamination.

• Bacteria are grown in culture media at 20-25° C for 3-5 days.

• Growth is identified to bacterial species, and then tested for antibiotic sensitivities.

• MALDI-TOFVenepuncture -Analyse with in-house Biochem etc.

Pictures courtesy Dr R. Loh/Dr. N. Saint-Erne/WAVMA

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Slide 13 DIS - EASE

Cause - Variations in water quality

Cause – Stress - Transportation

Common diseases:White Spot/Ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)

Flukes

Aeromonad ulcers (most commonly isolated hydrophila)

Fin Rot (Flexibacter)

Saprolegnia (Possibly a primary pathogen fungus like)

Malawi Bloat (African Cichlids) Spironucleus

Ammonia burn

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Slide 14 Parasites

1. Monogeneans (Gill & Skin Flukes)

2. Digeneans Trematodes

3. Nematodes (Camallanus, Capillaria)

4. Cestodes (Tapeworms)

5. Cilliates (Motile- Ich, Trichodina, Chilodonella, non-motile - Epistylis)

6. Crustacea (Argulus, Ergasilus, Lernea)

7. Flagellates (Spironucleus - Hexamita, Ichthyobodo - Costia)

8. Dinoflagellates, Coccidia, Microsporidians,Myxozoans

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa041

(fa107- 115 for posters)

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Slide 15 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Ich or White Spot• Even the detection of one trophont

requires treatment• Extensive lesions guarded

prognosis• Theront is life stage most

susceptible to treatment.• Treatment is formalin,

Malachite/formalin, salt or temp>30oC

• Trophont Time to Maturity50F / 10C = 35 days60F / 15C = 14 days70F / 21C = 5 days80F / 27C = 3 days

• Three treatments required (variable dependent on temp)

• Cryptocaryon irritans (s/w)

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Slide 16 Skin and Gill FlukeDactylogyrus (gill flukes)

• Mainly found on gills but also skin.

• Cause gill filament hyperplasia resulting in hypoxia. Signs include rapid respiratory movements, clamped fins, and flashing.

Gyrodactylus (skin flukes)

• Mainly found on the skin and fins but also the gills.

• They are hermaphroditic and viviparous.

• The young are parasitic immediately after birth, often never leaving the original host.

Treatment

Praziquantel Bath: 5 – 10mg/l for 3-6 hours.

Repeat in 7 – 10 days if Dactylogyrushttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa111

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Slide 17 Hole in the Head Disease (f/w)

Head & Lateral Line Erosion (s/w) • Multi-factorial cause:

– Intestinal flagellated protozoa (Spironucleus)

– Water quality

– Diet

Fish Vetting Essentials Fish Vetting Essentials

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Slide 18 Cyprinid Herpes Viruses CyH1 Carp pox – candle wax

CyH2 Goldfish Hematopoietic Necrosis –lethargy, gill necrosis, pale nodules kidney &spleen. Mortality varies

CyH3 Koi Herpes Virus (KHV). Carriers!

CEFAS – CyH1

CEFAS – CyH2

CEFAS – CyH3

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Slide 19 Aeromonad Ulceration

Variety of aeromonads (e.g. salmonicida,

hydrophila, caviae and sobria)

Fish skin is only one cell thick and it is an effect of bacterial toxins which prevents the skin from sealing the erosion.

Aeromonads inherently multi-drug resistant

Fish Vetting Essentials

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Slide 20 Fish TB (mycobacteriosis)

Marinum most cited but issues over identification

Zoonotic – no treatment

30% ornamental fish may be carriers due to use of earthen ponds

Fish Vetting Essentials

JRSM

Tenosynovitis, bursitis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and even destructive polyarthritis.Steroids, Surgery.

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Slide 21 Basic Pharmacy Enrofloxacin 10mg/kg i/m every 3 days

Metronidazole – Hexamita, HITH as a bath 25mg/l up to 3 weeks

Levamisole 10mg/l (min 12hours +) for nematodes & Immuno-stimulant

Lufenuron (e.g. Program) 0.1 mg/l for Crustacea

Praziquantel 5-10 mg/l for fluke & Cestodes

Vitamin C 10mg/l supportive therapy

Virkon Aquatic 2mg/l continuous flow or 4mg/l twice daily – supportive/preventive

Salt 0.5oz per UK gallon (~4.5 litres) – treatment, supportive or “First Aid” in f/w tanks

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Slide 22 Basic Surgery

Fin repairs

Abscesses

Suture Wounds

FNA - lumps and sex

Lumpectomy

Enucleation

Correcting buoyancy issues

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Slide 23 Surgery tips & Issues

Short procedures wrap in damp towel and cover eyes – 5-10 minutes

Surgical site rarely sterile

Always use gloves – minimises skin damage

Fish skin is not elastic - 2nd intention

Always use monofilament

Fish up to 30cm single layer closure

Simple interrupted usually sufficient

Good Haemostasis

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Slide 24 Anaesthesia Induction – bucket, water

from pond etc. 2nd bucket for recovery

Anaesthesia maintenance - simply dribble solution over the gills or use air stone and pump with fish tubed in mouth.

It is possible to adjust anaesthetic solution in real time with some more advanced machines.

Remember dosage, speed of induction and recovery are temperature dependent

Photos Dr’s Loh, Saint-Erne, Harms, Lewbert

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Slide 25 Anaesthetic agents Many commonly used veterinary anesthetics for small animals can also be used with pet fish.

(Brown 1993; Ross 2001; Lewbart 2005; Saint-Erne 2010; Loh 2012):

Benzocaine (ethyl p-aminobenzoate) –Dose at 12.5 mg/L of water for a shipping sedative, 25–500 mg/L for anesthesia (may need to dissolve in ethanol first). Induction time in 1-3 minutes, recovery in fresh water in 3-15 minutes. Fat soluble, so prolonged exposure will produce longer recovery times.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – A dose of 100–400 mg/L will cause unconsciousness, high exposure will cause death. Canister of CO2 is used with air line and air stone to bubble gas through the water. Use with caution, under constant observation, and in a well-ventilated area.Avoid breathing CO2 released from water. Induction is in 1-2 minutes and recovery in 5-10 minutes in fresh water.

Diazepam (Valium) – A sedative and muscle relaxant, used as a pre-anesthetic agent.Can be injected intramuscularly at 0.1-0.5 mg/kg, or given orally at 1-4 mg/kg.

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) – 1% added to the water will produce sedation, 3% or more will result in euthanasia. 20 ml of 100 Proof (50%) Grain Alcohol in 1 Liter of water will produce a 1% solution.

Ether (dimethyl ether) – Dose at 10-15 ml/L water.Induction occurs in 2-3 minutes, recovery in clean water in 2-3 minutes. HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE! Do not use near flames or sparks!

Eugenol/Isoeugenol (clove oil) – Eugenol: 1 drop = 0.029 ml = 28.6 mg For sedation during transport, use 3-5 mg/L (1-2 drops per 10 Liters) in shipping water. For anesthesia, use 30-60 mg/L (1-2 drops / Liter of water).Mix vigorously with water. Induction occurs in 2-3 minutes. Excellent for short duration physical examinations. Not recommended for use in invasive surgeries due to low analgesic effect.A dose of 4 drops per liter (114 mg/L) induces euthanasia in 10-60 minutes.

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Slide 26 Anaesthetic agents Isofluorane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) – Dose at 0.5-1 ml/L water for

anesthesia. Euthanasia dose is 4 ml/L.Spray the required dose through a 25 gauge needle under the water while mixing. Induction in 2-8 minutes, recovery in clean water in 3-30 minutes.

Ketamine Hydrochloride – Dose at 1 gram/L water, or 66-100 mg/kg injected intramuscularly.Provides sedation and immobilization for handling or transportation. Dose can be given orally by injecting into a food fish fed to larger fish needing sedation. Hyperactivity and ataxia can occur during recovery.

Lidocaine – 1-2 mg/kg IV or 0.1-2 mg/kg IM total dose, injected into/around tissue. Provides local analgesia only.

Pentobarbital – 20-40 mg/kg IM or IP. 60-100 mg/kg IP for euthanasia.Prolonged anesthesia time (6-24 hours) with cardiac and respiratory depression.

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) – Anesthesia induction dose is 1.5-2.5 mg/kg intravenously. Use parentally only. Induction time is 5 minutes, recovery in 60-75 minutes.

Quinaldine Sulphate (2-methylquinoline sulphate) – Dose at 5-10 mg/L for sedation during transport, 25-200 mg/L for anesthesia.Induction in 2-6 minutes, recovery in fresh water in 5-20 minutes.Acidifies low alkaline water, use sodium bicarbonate buffer in water as necessary.

Tricaine Methane Sulfonate, MS-222 (3-Aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester) – Dose at 10-40 mg/L for sedation (handling/ shipping).Dose at 50-400 mg/L for anesthesia induction, 50-100 mg/L for maintenance.Induction in 1-5 minutes, recovery in 3-15 minutes in clean water.Acidifies water – buffer with equal volume of sodium bicarbonate, or use in hard water.Has 21 day withdrawal time when used with food fish in the U.S.

2-phenoxyethanol (98 carbon chain alcohol) – Dose 1- 4 mg/l with lower dosages for sedation and higher for anaesthesia

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Slide 27 Stages of Anaesthesia(adapted from Brown, 1993; Ross, 2001)

Stage Plane Description Signs0 0 Normal Swimming actively, equilibrium normalI 1 Light sedation Reduced motion, ventilation decreasedI 2 Deeper sedation Only responds to gross stimulationII 1 Light anesthesia Partial loss of equilibriumII 2 Deep anesthesia Total loss of equilibriumIII 1 Surgical anesthesia Total loss of reactivity, low respiratory

and heart ratesIV 1 Medullary collapse Cessation of respiratory movements,

followed by cardiac arrest, then death

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Slide 28 Various surgeries

Fish fight abscess Buoyancy Issues

FNA

Eye enucleation Lumpectomy

Fin Repair

Wound/Abscess Treatment

Photos Dr’s Loh, Saint-Erne, Johnson

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Slide 29 Emerging Issues

RAS – developing economical, generic and workable systems

Cleaner Wrasse – safety and status

AMR –treatment failure

Fish meal/fish oil supply

Draft EU Medicines Reg – loss of cascade

Opisthorchiasis – liver fluke

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Slide 30 Advances

Non-lethal testing – surveillance and monitoring

“Pond side” diagnostics

Area Management Agreements

Alternative nutrition

Genetics – selecting for disease resistance

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Slide 31 Happy Fish Vetting!

Questions?

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