International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules vol 2 issue 1

Biochemistry & Biomolecules

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Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

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New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Akanksha Marwah

Deepika Bhadauria

Commissioning Editors

Priyanka Garg

Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A.

P), India

Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology,

Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Brijesh PandeyAmity University,

Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS,

Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. S. Seethalaksmi Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for women, Periyar University, Elayampalayam,

Tiruchengod

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]

/University College of Medicine [UCM]

Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied

Health Sciences Chettinad Academy of Research & Education Kelambakkam, Chennai, India

Dr.Arun Kumar Department of Biochemistry,

Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal

Dr. Durgadas Govind Naik, Management and Science University,

Malaysia

Ashish Runthala Department of Biological Sciences, Birla

Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani (Rajasthan), India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre

Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Yousef RasmiClinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine

Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU) Urmia, Iran

Ajay KumarGalgotias University, Greater Noida (U.P.),

India

Dr. Arvind DiwanMahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health

Sciences, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of

Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Dinesh KumarHorticulture (Post harvest Technology)

National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharahtra), India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of

Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Lonchin SugunaDepartment of Biochemistry Central Leather

Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, India

Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and

Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Karnataka, India

Prof. Dheera Sanadhya Jaipur National University,

Rajasthan, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology, University of

Calcutta, India

Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and

Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Jay Prakash Sah Pokhara University, Nepal

Dr. K.S. KarthikeyanEndocrinology and Metabolism Division,

National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Saher Mahmood AljamaliBiology Department, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi JayachandranMolecular Gerontology Laboratory,

Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya

Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of

Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India

Dr. Shikha Suman Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh),

India

Dr. Vishwanath B Chachadi Deptartment of Biochemsitry,

Karnatak University, Dharwad, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules. This journal is part of

the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biochemistry and

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emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biochemistry and

Biomolecules as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

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biochemistry, Proteolysis, Biological macro and small molecule, Biochemical processes etc.

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would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biochemistry and

Biomolecules readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Biochemistry and

Biomolecules.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. A Review on Bisphenol A M. Vangalapati, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra 1

2. Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita singh 5

3. Antifreeze ProteinsManish Agrawal 8

4. MetabolomeChetan Shah, Suraj Sharma 12

5. Biosorption: ReviewKetan Mehndiratta 15

Contents

IJBB (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Review on Bisphenol A

M. Vangalapati*, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important epoxy resin which is employed to make certain plastics. It

is an organic synthetic compound and the chemical formula is (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2. It is a

commonly utilized industrial chemical that has been used since 1960s to make certain

plastics and resins. BPA is found in almost all polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.

These polycarbonate plastics are generally used in containers that store food and beverages,

such as water bottles. The presence of BPA is really toxic to the human body and aquatic life.

BPA is biodegradable to some extent in order to reduce the toxicity levels.

Keywords: bisphenol A, cancer, endocrine disrupter, plastics, polycarbonate, thyroid

INTRODUCTION The texture is a colorless solid which is

generally dissolved in solvents like

ethanol, methanol and rarely soluble in

water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in

various consumer goods such as sports

bottles, CD’s, DVD’s, children toys and

gallon water cans,[1]

etc. In the recent days,

research is being conducted that BPA from

thermal paper which is used in cash

register receipts accounts for high levels of

BPA in humans.[2]

It shows that a rapid

increase of BPA in their blood after using

a skin care product and then touching a

store receipt with BPA. It is known to be

an endocrine disrupting chemical, and has

been demonstrated to alter signaling

mechanisms involving oestrogen and other

hormones.[3]

Massive amounts of BPA

were observed on the store and fast food

receipts, airline tickets, ATM receipts and

other thermal papers all use on the surface

of the paper as a print developer. Huge

amounts of BPA can be transferred onto

the hands and then to the food, it can also

as be absorbed through the skin which is

really toxic. BPA exhibits properties that

can cause reproductive defects in fetuses,

infant, children, and adults. It is also

known to cause cancer, metabolic and

immune problem in rodents. BPA present

on thermal papers can be easily absorbed

into the blood, at such levels thereby

leading to an increase in many diseases,

such as diabetes and disorders related to

obesity. Use of BPA or other similar

chemicals that are being used to replace

BPA in thermal paper is again a threat to

human health. "BPA will be seeped into

the food or beverages from the containers

which are made with BPA. Major concern

is exposure to BPA where there will be

possible health effects on the brain,

reproductive system, behavior and prostate

gland of fetuses, infants and children.

Along with these there were few additional

researches which are suggesting a feasible

link between BPA and increase in blood

pressure. BPA exposure may disrupt

normal breast development in ways that

predispose women for later life breast

cancer. However, the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) has peeped into the

issue and confirmed that at very low levels

IJBB (2016) 5-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5


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Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase

(PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)

Ankita singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important fruit crop in America, Southern Europe,

the Middle East, and India, with increasing production in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

It is grown throughout the country. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) is a chief enzyme

used during plant metabolism for the biosynthesis of different natural products from L-

phenylalanine. It also has a role in pathogenic defense.

Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, plant metabolism

INTRODUCTION

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a

key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid

pathway. PAL catalyses the conversion of

L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid.[1]

The products of PAL are modified,

through phenylpropanoid metabolism, to

precursors of secondary metabolites,

including lignin, flavonoid pigments, and

phytoalexins, all of which play key roles in

a range of plant-pathogen interactions.[2]

PAL is a key enzyme leading to synthesis

of phenols and SA involved in pathogen

defense, stress response and secondary

metabolism and is subject to post-

translational phosphorylation.[3]

PAL activity in host tissues is induced

following pathogen infection of plant

tissues and by several biotic and abiotic

elicitor treatments.[4]

PAL activity are

often considered as indicators of resistance

as it accumulates more rapidly and reaches

higher levels within host plant during

resistance responses (incompatible

interactions) than in susceptible responses

(compatible interactions).[5]

Several studies indicated that the

activation of PAL and subsequent increase

in phenolic content in plants is a general

response associated with disease

resistance.[6,7]

Increased activities of PAL,

by neem products have also been

demonstrated earlier.[8]

The increased

activities of PAL were observed in

resistant cultivars than the susceptible

cultivars. Various studies have recorded

the time course changes of enzyme

activities of PAL in young rice inoculated

with the blast fungus Pyricularia grisea

(Cooke) Sacc. for a five day period after

inoculation. Kale and Choudhary (2001)

observed that in groundnut, resistant

interaction was concurrent with early and

rapid expression of PAL. Gupta and

Kaushik (2002) reported enhanced specific

activities of PAL in infected leaves of

mustard as compared to healthy leaves.

Chakrabarty et al. (2002) concluded that

induced rather than constitutive levels of

PAL played crucial role in governing

resistance in cotton genotypes. Sharma

(2003) reported high activity of PAL and

TAL in resistant healthy (uninoculated)

apple rootstock (MM115), but minimum

activities were recorded from highly



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Antifreeze Proteins

Manish Agrawal* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Ice is a major issue for life forms that live in chilly atmospheres. Once the temperature

plunges beneath solidifying, ice crystals consistently develop and burst cells. This threat,

nonetheless, has not constrained the spread of life on Earth. Life forms of numerous kinds -

plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms - have created different ways to battle the

destructive development of ice crystals. At times, they pack their cells with antifreeze

compounds like sugars or glycerol. Be that as it may, in situations where additional

assistance is required, cells make specific antifreeze proteins to protect themselves as the

temperature drops.

Keywords: antifreeze proteins, subzero environment

INTRODUCTION

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice

structuring proteins (ISPs) allude to a class

of polypeptides created by specific

vertebrates, plants, parasites and microbes

that allow their survival in below zero

situations. AFPs bind to little ice crystals

to hinder development and

recrystallization of ice that would

somehow be fatal.[1]

There is additionally

expanding proof that AFPs interact with

mammalian cell membanes to shield them

from cold damage. This work suggests the

involvement of AFPs in cold

acclimatization.[2]

AFPs can be defined as proteins that have

an affinity for ice. In a circumstance where

an ice front is in equilibrium with a fluid

arrangement, a slight undercooling of the

arrangement underneath the balance the

point of solidification will prompt water

particles joining the ice cross section.

Accordingly, the ice front will progress.[3]

Most solutes, including by far most of

proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin and

myoglobin) will be avoided and pushed in

front of the extending ice front. AFPs are

distinctive in that they adsorb to the ice.

Thus, they limit the development of the ice

front to points between the adsorbed

protein particles. These districts develop

with a local curvature and flow that makes

it thermodynamically unfavorable for

water particles to add to the ice cross

section.[4]

This outcomes in non-colligative,

non-balance bringing down the point of

solidification. In the presence of AFPs, ice

crystals continue to remain the same size

for a considerable length of time or days at

temperatures between the colligative

freezing point (melting point) and the

lower non-equilibrium freezing point. The

contrast between these two temperatures is

alluded to as thermal hysteresis and is a

component of the AFP focus.[2,5]



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Metabolome

Chetan Shah*, Suraj Sharma Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Telegana, India

Abstract Metabolome is defined as a complete collection of small molecule chemicals found inside a

biological sample. The biological specimen can be a cell, a cell organelle, an organ, a tissue,

a tissue concentrate, a biofluid or a whole life form. Metabolomics is the exploratory

investigation of chemical processes including metabolites. In particular, metabolomics is the

"precise investigation of the unique chemical fingerprints that particular cell forms have",

the investigation of their small molecule metabolite profiles.

Keywords: metabolome, metabolomics, chemical processes

INTRODUCTION

The metabolome refers to a collection of

all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue,

organ or living being, which are the final

results of cell processes.[1]

mRNA gene

expression information and proteomic

analyses uncovers the array of gene

products being created in the cell, that

denotes different aspects of cell function.

On the other hand, metabolic profiling can

give a quick depiction of the physiology of

that cell. One of the difficulties of systems

biology and functional genomics is to

incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and

metabolomic data to give a superior

understanding of cell science.[2]

The small molecule chemicals found in a

given metabolome may incorporate both

endogenous metabolites that are actually

created by a living being, (for example,

amino acids, natural acids, nucleic acids,

unsaturated fats, amines, sugars, vitamins,

co-elements, colors, anti-infection agents,

and so forth.) and additionally

exogenous[3]

chemicals, (for example,

drugs, ecological contaminants,

nourishment added substances, poisons

and different xenobiotics) that are not

normally delivered by a living being.

That is, there is both an endogenous

metabolome and an exogenous

metabolome. The endogenous metabolome

can be further subdivided to incorporate a

"primary" and a "secondary"

metabolome.[4]

A primary metabolite is specifically

required in the typical development,

advancement, and generation. A secondary

metabolite is not specifically included in

those procedures, but rather as a rule has

essential natural capacity. Secondary

metabolites may incorporate pigments,

anti-infection agents or waste items got

from partially metabolized xenobiotics. To

qualify as a metabolite, or to be thought to

be a piece of the metabolome, a little atom

should ordinarily have a sub-atomic

weight <1500 Da.[5]



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Biosorption: Review

Ketan Mehndiratta* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The discharge of heavy metals into oceanic biological communities has turned into a matter

of worry in India in the course of the most recent couple of decades. These poisons are

brought into the oceanic frameworks essentially as an aftereffect of different modern

operations. Industrialization in India picked up a force with start of five year formative

arrangement in the mid 50's. The toxins of concern incorporate lead, chromium, mercury,

uranium, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver, copper and nickel. These dangerous

materials might be gotten from mining operations, refining minerals, muck transfer, fly ash

from incinerators, the preparing of radioactive materials, metal plating, or the production of

electrical hardware, paints, composites, batteries, pesticides or additives. Substantial metals,

for example, zinc, lead and chromium have various applications in essential building works,

paper and basic commercial enterprises, pulp industries, organochemicals, petrochemicals

fertlisers, and so on. Significant lead contamination is through autos and battery makers. For

zinc and chromium the real application is in fertliser and cowhide tanning separately. Over

the couple of decades, a few strategies have been contrived for the treatment and expulsion of

substantial metals.

Keywords: biosorption, heavy metals

INTRODUCTION

Release of a lot of metal-contaminated

wastewater, commercial enterprises

bearing heavy metals, for example, Cd, Cr,

Cu, Ni, As, Pb, and Zn, are the most

perilous among the synthetic concentrated

businesses. On account of their high

dissolvability in the oceanic situations,

heavy metals can be consumed by living

life forms. When they enter the food chain,

expansive groupings of heavy metals may

aggregate in the human body. On the off

chance that the metals are ingested past the

allowed focus, they can bring about

genuine wellbeing issue.[1]

There are different procedures for treating

industrial wastewater containing heavy

metals frequently include advancements

for lessening of danger keeping in mind

the end goal to meet innovation based

treatment guidelines.

The regularly utilized systems for

expelling metal ions from watery streams

incorporate synthetic precipitation, lime

coagulation, ion exchange, reverse

osmosis and solvent extraction.[2-4]

Reverse Osmosis: It is a procedure in

which heavy metals are isolated by a semi-

penetrable layer at a pressure more

increased than osmotic pressure created by

the disintegrated solids in wastewater. The

impediment of this technique is that it is

costly.

Biochemistry & Biomolecules


IJBBJan – Jun 2016

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

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Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

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Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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