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1. Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India Manoj Kumar Solanki, Omprakash Gupta 1
2. River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India Om Prakash Gupta, Manoj Kumar Solanki, Dinesh Kumar Jain, Jayshri Kanoje 10
3. Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to Study the Effects of Caustic TreatmentS.R. Shah, P. Patel 20
4. Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline ChlorideGengan Saravanan, Subramanian Mohan 26
5. Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth
Chhavi Jain 34
Contents
IJEC (2016) 1–9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post
Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India
Manoj Kumar Solanki1*, Omprakash Gupta
2
1Department of Chemistry, Govtment Engineering College, Rewa, M.P., India
2Department of Chemistry, Govtment Science College, Rewa, M.P., India
Abstract
Present papers to analysis of underground water in postmonsoon of Rewa city, Madhya
Pradesh, India in a year of 2015. Most of the samples analyzed are within the prescribed
limits as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), Indian Standard Institute (ISI)
and BIS desirable limit. Seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters like
Temperature, Turbidity, Color, Odor, Taste, pH value, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Total alkalinity, chloride, Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc. All parameters were
found in some limits.
Keywords: analysis of underground water, analysis of water in post monsoon, physical and
chemical properties of water
INTRODUCTION All life on earth depends on water. Fresh
water is a critical, finite, vulnerable,
renewable natural resource on the earth
and plays as important role in our living
environment without it life is impossible.
India is endowed with rich water
resources. Underground water found in an
under the earth, it is called underground
water. The Rewa district underground
water quality evaluated on the basis of
dissolved some minerals and salts. Most of
the Underground water of Rewa District is
hard and alkaline and quantity of salts and
minerals are deepened as the source areas
of water. In this paper proposed results of
the study of impure and pure underground
waters in the post monsoon for analysis of
temperature, turbidity, color, odor, taste,
pH value, total hardness, calcium,
magnesium, Total alkalinity, chloride,
Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc.
in a year of 2015 in the winter season of
Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Sample-1 is indicated by impure
underground water and sample-2 is
indicated by pure underground water after
purification. Some parameters were found
in some limit see Table 1.[1–4]
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The underground water sample was
collected from Rewa city, Madhya
Pradesh, India in a year of 2015 in winter
season. Material requirement for sampling
and analysis of water of Itinerary for the
trip, Personnel and sample transport
arrangement, area map, location map for
the sampling site, ice-boxes, rope,
weighted bottle sampler, D.O. sample,
D.O.D. bottles, sample containers,
bacteriological and special sample, heavy
metals, D.O. fixing and traction chemicals,
glasswares, thermometer, tissue papers,
other requirements for field measurement
are sample identification forms, labels for
sampling containers, field note bottle, pen
or pencil, markers, soap, towels, match-
IJEC (2016) 10–19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa
District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Om Prakash Gupta1*
, Manoj Kumar Solanki2, Dinesh Kumar Jain
3, Jayshri Kanoje
4
1Department of Chemistry, Govt. Science College, Rewa, MP, India
2Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
3Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India
4Department of Home Science, Govt. Girls College, Dhar, MP, India
Abstract
This paper aims to carry out analysis of water in Bihar River during winter season in year
2015 in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, India. We have analyzed the seasonal variation
and change in physical and chemical properties such as temperature, pH, color, odor,
alkalinity, turbidity, hardness; and presence of total dissolved solutes (TDS) like calcium
(Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg2+
), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO4
2), of Bihar river water. The
variable data of samples were compared with the prescribed limits as suggested by World
Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Standard (ISI) and BIS; desirable for water used for
drinking purpose. The analysis was carried out for a period of one year 2015 (winter).
Readings of some parameters were found within the limits.
Keywords: physico-chemical, Rewa, river water, seasonal variation
INTRODUCTION
All living organisms on Earth depend on
water. Fresh water is a critical, finite,
vulnerable, renewable natural resource that
plays an important role in our living
environment such that without it, life is
impossible. India is endowed with rich
water resources. The chemical
composition of river waters is not constant
and carries different types of impurities
dissolved in it. Due to this, the river waters
are usually polluted. The water quality of
Rewa district Bihar River was evaluated
on the basis of dissolved minerals or salts
or impurities, etc. River waters were
analyzed for temperature, turbidity, color,
odor, test, pH, total hardness, calcium
(Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg+2
), total alkalinity,
chloride (Cl), TDS, sulfate (SO4
2), etc.
The analysis was done in the year of 2015
during winter season in the month of
October. Bihar river water samples are
indicated by sample-1 and sample-2 in
Tables 1–3 as given below.[1–4]
MATERIAL AND METHODS The material requirement for sampling and
analysis of water included: itinerary for the
trip, personnel and sample transport
arrangement, area map, sampling site
location map, icebox, weighted bottle
sampler, D.O.D. bottles, sample
containers, bacteriological and special
sample containers, heavy metals, D.O.
fixing and traction chemical and
glassware, thermometer, tissue papers. For
field measurements, the materials needed
were sample identification forms, labels
for containers, field note-book, pen or
pencil, markers, etc. All analyses were
carried out as per APHA (1998) and BIS
desirable limit for drinking water. Some
IJEC (2016) 20–25 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 20
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to
Study the Effects of Caustic Treatment
S.R. Shah*, P. Patel Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda, Vadodara, India
Abstract
Tesu, the natural flower colour, was extracted in such way that the maximum colour yield
can be obtained on textile fibre. The extracted Tesu colour was applied on excel, the third
generation regenerated cellulosic fibre, at different pH, time, temperature and electrolyte
concentration. The characterisation of Tesu colour dyeing on excel fibre was developed.
Further, the effects of caustic soda treatment on dyeability of excel fibre with natural Tesu
colour was evaluated and the results found are quite energetic.
Keywords: Caustic soda, dyes, fibre, Tesu
INTRODUCTION
Anciently, textile materials were dyed
using colours obtained from natural
resources until synthetic colours were
invented. Due to easy access of pure
synthetic dyes of different classes and cost
advantages associated with it, most of the
textile dyers and/or manufacturers chose to
shift towards using synthetic colorant.
Almost all synthetic colorants are
synthesized from petrochemical sources
after undergoing through hazardous
chemical processes that possess threat
towards its eco-friendliness. Hence,
worldwide growing awareness about
organic value of eco-friendly products has
generated new interest of consumers
towards usage of textiles dyed with eco-
friendly natural dyes.[1]
Due to this, even
after a century, the use of natural dyes has
not vanished completely and they are still
used in different places across the world.
Natural dyeing of different textiles is
continued mainly in the decentralized
sector for specialty products while
synthetic dyes are used in the large scale
sector for general textiles/apparels.[1–5]
Recently, most of the commercial dyers
and textile export houses have started
looking to the maximum possibilities of
using natural dyes for dyeing and printing
of different textiles for targeting niche
market. Natural colorants produce very
uncommon, soothing and soft shades as
compared to synthetic dyes. On the other
hand, synthetic dyes, which are widely
available at an economical price and
produce a wide variety of colours,
sometimes causes skin allergy and other
harmfulness to human body, produces
toxicity/chemical hazards during its
synthesis, releases
undesirable/hazardous/toxic chemicals
etc.[6–9]
Excel, a third generation manmade
cellulosic fibre, having high dry and wet
strength, good dimensional stability and
clean manufacturing technology is the
answer to the fashion, with comfort luxury
and engineered precision of a manmade
fibre.[10]
No literatures available pertaining
to the processing of excel fibres in
specifically. Excel fibres are mainly dyed
IJEC (2016) 26–33 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep
Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride
Gengan Saravanan1*, Subramanian Mohan
2
1Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, India
2CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, EMFT Division, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Electrodeposition of chromium from hexavalent chromium ion is very toxic, carcinogenic, not
environmentally benign, cathodic efficiency is low, and the quality of coating is very poor
(due to H2 evolution). Ambient temperature Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) can be formed by
reacting choline chloride (HOC2H4 (CH3)3Cl) with metal salts. These low cost DES are not
sensitive to air and moisture and have good electro-conductivity and they do not have vapour
pressure. DES is promising electrolyte for electrodeposition of nano-sized metals and alloys
in the metal finishing industry. In the present study, the electrodeposition of chromium films
from a solution of DES containing chromium (III) has been investigated by square wave
pulse current technique. Homogeneous and well adherent Cr films have been obtained with
65% current efficiency which is 50% higher than Cr deposited from aqueous Cr(III)-based
electrolyte.
Keywords: chromium, choline chloride, deep eutectic solvent, desorption, metals
INTRODUCTION
In recent year’s ambient temperature DES
have been studied extensively for
electrodeposition, electropolishing and as
an electrolyte for batteries.[1,2]
Key
advantages that enable them to overcome
the limits imposed by common aqueous or
organic media are their wide
electrochemical windows, spanning up to
6 V in some cases; extremely low vapour
pressures, high ionic conductivities. Early
investigations focused on imidazolium or
pyridinium cations with chloroaluminate
anions although increasing amounts of
work has been carried out using inert
anions such as CF3SO3-, PF6
- and
(CF3SO2)2N-. Osteryoung showed that n-
alkylimidazolium salts gave liquids over a
wide range of composition with AlCl3.[3,4]
The properties of these DES are controlled
by various chloroaluminate anions, whose
relative concentrations change
considerably with the melt composition.[5]
These DES have been used for metal
deposition, and as media to carry out a
variety of reactions.[6,7]
It has recently been
shown that eutectic solvents can be formed
using metal chloride with pyridinium,[8]
dimethylethylphenylammonium,[9]
and
imidazolium salts.[10,11]
These have higher melting points than the
corresponding chloroaluminate melts but
are still fluid at ambient temperatures.
Abbott et al. recently reported that eutectic
solvent can be formed using zinc or tin
chlorides with substituted quaternary
ammonium salts such as choline
chloride.[12]
These eutectic solvents are
resistive to air and water but their low cost
enables their use in commercialization in
metal finishing industry.
IJEC (2016) 34–35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth
Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
A BRIEF ON TREE CONSERVATION
Today, one of the biggest concerns about
the environment and our Earth is the need
for tree conservation. Trees are the
cornerstones of all the ecosystems and the
building blocks for all the living organisms
on Earth. It is difficult to even imagine our
lives without trees. There would be no
place for the birds and animals to live and
have leisure time. Trees stabilize soils,
regulate water and carbon cycles, and
provide oxygen and other wealth of
products to living beings on Earth.
Without trees, these all would be gone and
it is easy to believe that there would be no
life on Earth. Trees are thus a fundamental
part of our life.
Tree conservation involves ensuring that
trees are regularly planted, maintained
and/or saved for future generations. By
doing this, we can ensure that trees will
remain a part of our lives, thereby
protecting us and preserving life on Earth.
Certain strategies that can be adopted to
save trees include:
Education
Obtaining information from professional
foresters, horticulturists, landscape
architects and planners and educate people
and property owners about how to care for
and maintain the trees will be helpful in
conserving trees.
Voluntary Measures Interested citizens, landowners, local
readers should be invited and encouraged
to donate time and money towards tree
preservation efforts.
Provide Incentives It is one of the best ways to promote tree
conservation. It includes providing
incentives i.e., grants or funds as financial
assistance to encourage landowners to
protect their trees, plant new trees and
improve the community.
Regulatory Measures
This includes adopting organized
regulations that emphasizes rules to on
protect environmental and economic
benefits of trees.
More than 9600 tree species are threatened
with extinction and above 1,850 species
are listed as critically endangered. The
latter are likely to become extinct unless
immediate action is undertaken to preserve
them. The Global Trees Campaign is a
joint initiative between Fauna & Flora
International (FFI) and Botanic Gardens
Conservation International (BGCI). It is
the only international campaign dedicated
to conserving threatened trees. It aims to
protect the future of the world’s threatened
tree species thereby benefiting the living
beings and the environment.
The Global Trees Campaign works in
three ways:
(1) Directly supporting threatened tree
projects: This includes providing direct
support to different projects that
focuses on conservation of world’s
most threatened tree species.
Currently, the Global Trees Campaign
is supporting such projects in more
than 15 different countries. The
threatened trees that are under focus
IJECJAN – JUNE 2016
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