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International Journal ofRenewable Energy
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Prof. C. M. NarayananNational Institute of Technology, Durgapur,
West Bengal, India
Dr. Didik PrasetyokoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of
Mathematics and Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
Dr. Gengan SaravananDepartment of Chemistry, Central University of
Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Goutam BanerjeeAtlantic LNG Chair in Environmental Engrg,
Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies St. Augustine,
Trinidad and Tobago
Dr. Kanu MurmuDepartment of Agronomy, F/Ag, Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,West Bengal, India
Dr. Krushna Prasad ShadangiDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,Sambalpur, Odisha, India
Dr. Linthoingambi NingombamCentre for Environmental Sciences,
Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna,Bihar, India
Dr. M. Jhansi L. KishoreDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology Centre D.S.B. Campus,Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
Prof. Pushpa JhaSant Longowal Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Dr. QingSong WangUniversity of Science and Technology of China,
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science,Anhui, China
Dr. Rajesh DasHaldia Institute of Technology, Haldia,
West Bengal, India
Dr. Shivkumar RanganathanR & D (Battery), Su – Kam Power Systems Ltd.,
Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Dr. Srinivasan AnandanCenter for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder
Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Suranani SrinathDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Warangal,Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama SastryMVGR College of Engineering,
Vizianagaram,Andhra Pradesh, India
Prof. T. K. RadhakrishnanDepartment of Chemical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,Tamil Nadu, India
Venugopal AkulaCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Vipan Kumar SohpalDepartment of Chemical Engineering &
Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India
Dr. Wenming YangNational University of Singapore,
Singapore
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. This
journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present renewable
energy issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation
of emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of renewable energy and its
commercialization as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
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Commercialization Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.
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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization focuses on original high-quality
research in the realm of Solar energy, solar power and solar thermal energy, Hydroelectricity and
hydropower, Biofuel and sustainable biofuel, Geothermal energy, Biomass conversion, Wind energy
technology, Ocean thermal energies, Socio-economic and energy management, Climate change and global
warming, Renewable energy industry, Nuclear power, Mechanical and thermal energy
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International
Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. We are very thankful to everybody within that
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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical engineering readers
and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Stability Analysis of Mahua Seed and Waste Polystyrene Co-pyrolytic Oil Krushna Prasad Shadangi, Kaustubha Mohanty 1
2. Sustainable Development: The Current Indian Scenario S.V.A.R. Sastry, Ch.V.R. Murthy 8
3. Investigation on Stability Analysis of Polanga oil Methyl EsterGyana Ranjan Behera, B. Prasanth, Biswajeet Nayak, Swarup Kumar Nayak, Purna Chandra Mishra 16
4. Sustainable Biofuels: Current ScenarioAmit Agnihotri 24
5. Solar Energy: Current Indian Scenario
Chhavi Jain 27
Contents
IJREC (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Stability Analysis of Mahua Seed and Waste Polystyrene Co-
pyrolytic Oil
Krushna Prasad Shadangi1*
, Kaustubha Mohanty2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, V. S. S. University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India
2Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
Abstract
Biomass pyrolytic oil is a complex mixture of organic compounds and obtained in a non-
equilibrium state. Hence, the physical properties of bio-oil such as calorific value, viscosity,
pH, density, flow ability and chemical compositions vary during storage. In this study, co-
pyrolysis of Mahua seed was performed with waste polystyrene and studied the fuel
properties and composition. The co-pyrolytic oil was produced at 2:1 ratio of seed to waste
polystyrene using a semi batch reactor. Since, the previous study confirmed that 2:1 ratio
was the optimum ratio of seed to waste polystyrene resulted in high calorific value pyrolytic
oil, the stability of the co-pyrolytic oil is performed in the present study. The stability study of
the co-pyrolytic oil was observed for 40 days at 40 °C. It was confirmed that Mahua seed and
waste polystyrene co-pyrolytic oil was not stable after 10 days of aging. The fuel properties
and composition varied with the aging time. The reduction in the calorific value was
observed beyond 20 days of aging whereas viscosity started reducing with aging.
Keywords: co-pyrolytic oil; DSC analysis; FTIR analysis; fuel properties; stability analysis
INTRODUCTION
The complexity of biomass pyrolytic oil is
because of the composition. Biomass
pyrolytic oil is a composition of alkane,
alkene, alcohol, aromatic, aldehyde, ester,
acid and nitriles along with some water
soluble and insoluble chemicals. The water
soluble chemicals consist of various
anhydrous sugars and levoglucosan. The
existence of oxygen and oxygenated
compounds are the major cause of its low
calorific value as well as stability. The
presence of oxygen in the biomass
pyrolytic oil arises also in the form of
water. This creates problems during
storage and affects the physiochemical
properties of pyrolytic oil. During ageing,
the properties of biomass pyrolytic oil
such as viscosity, density, calorific value,
pH and water content vary and latterly the
pyrolytic oil quality reduces. It was
reported that the viscosity of biomass
pyrolytic oil increased after three months
of aging at 35–37 °C.[1]
The effect of aging
on viscosity also observed at low and high
temperature by Diebold and Czernik
(1997) and conveyed that the viscosity
increased twice at high temperature
compared to low temperature.[2]
The
change in the viscosity was quite fewer
when the biomass pyrolytic oil stored at
less than 20 °C.[1]
Hence, the pyrolytic
should be stored at low temperature. The
increase in the viscosity may be due to the
loss of volatiles. Czernik et al. (1994)
studied the storage stability of pyrolytic oil
and reported that proper cracking of
pyrolytic oil was less viscous due to low
molecular weight.[3]
The premature
entrance of partially pyrolyzed particles,
IJREC (2016) 8-15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Sustainable Development: The Current Indian Scenario
S.V.A.R. Sastry1*
, Ch.V.R. Murthy2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
India has emerged as one of the most promising countries for the development of a
biotechnology business pole because it is a mega biodiverse country containing more than
two million different species of animals, plants and microorganisms. One of the biggest
drawbacks of this country is the laws that govern innovation: intellectual property law and
provisional measures of access to genetic resources do not encourage innovation in this
sector. The evaluation system of universities is also a factor that delays innovation because
the number of scientific articles is more important than the development of new services,
products and processes. Moreover, the country features a wide variety of skilled PhD
researchers. These researchers are highly capable of adapting, researching and innovating
in an environment with limited financial resources. The national biotechnology strategy has
emerged in an atmosphere of contradictions, with several financial and governmental
incentives and limitations on the dual education - business environment and laws. The Indian
biotechnology scenario is discussed in this article by aggregating national realities and
difficulties for the strengthening of one of the globally emerging technologies.
Keywords: biotechnology, genetic resources access, intellectual property, sustainable
development
INTRODUCTION
In 1972, the United Nations Organization
created the World Commission on
Environment and Development, at which
time it adopted the term sustainable
development. This term was consecrated
during the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (“Rio-92”)
in 1992 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This
meeting marked a new era of world
development with the creation of two
important documents: Agenda 21 and the
Earth Charter. Agenda 21 established
priorities and commitment among the
countries to reflect and distribute new
values for future planning. The Earth
Charter was published in 2000 by a
commission and addresses the ethical
rights to the construction of a more just,
sustainable and peaceful XXI century
society. New goals were set, and
awareness campaigns were launched
around the world.
Sustainable development searches for
alternatives to the excesses caused by
classical capitalism, such as
overconsumption, the need for excessive
profits, creation of tons of waste, depletion
of natural oil and water resources and
exaggerated pollution. New models of
monetary and business thinking have
arisen based on this new attitude. The
environment, which had been of
insignificant interest to companies and
industries, became their focus to create a
perspective that it is no longer a concern of
few, but of the entire society.
IJREC (2016) 16–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Investigation on Stability Analysis of Polanga oil Methyl Ester
Gyana Ranjan Behera1, B. Prasanth
1, Biswajeet Nayak
2, Swarup Kumar Nayak
1,*, Purna Chandra Mishra
1
1School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel and consists of mono-alkyl esters of the fatty acids.
One of the major technical problems associated with the biodiesel is its storage stability and
susceptibility to oxidation because of its chemical nature. This nature of the biodiesel is due
to unsaturated fatty acid chains in its molecular structure. Also, the presence of the double
bond in the molecule of the biodiesel produces a high level of reactivity with the oxygen. The
products of the oxidation cause the biodiesel to become acidic and to form insoluble gums
and sediments that can plug fuel filters. Hence, the storage of biodiesel over extended periods
may lead to degradation of fuel properties that may affect the fuel quality. In this work,
biodiesel was derived from Polanga oil and the biodiesel samples were stored at room
temperature and conducted the oxidation stability test utilizing various antioxidants like
(BHT, TBP and OBPA) using Biodiesel Ranchimat instrument and storage stability study
over a period of 6 weeks. At regular intervals, biodiesel samples were analyzed to measure
the acid value, viscosity, calorific value, density, flash point and fire point. From the results,
it is found that BHT was the most effective antioxidant used among all others on PoME
(Polanga oil methyl ester). With respect to storage stability, there is a slight difference in the
properties of the polanga biodiesel, but within the limits of the biodiesel specifications upto
the storage period of 5 weeks.
Keywords: anti-oxidants, biodiesel, oxidation stability, storage stability, transesterification,
Ranchimat
INTRODUCTION
A slow revision of the world vitality
implements highlights that a significant
small amount of the gross vitality
devoured is gotten from the blazing of old
hand powers. Among the old dog fills,
sinuous coal, oil based powers contributes
a most excessive in the tumble of the
circumstance that of their affiliated
physicochemical and ardent properties.
Biodiesel composes of fatty acid mono-
alkyl esters with higher concentrations of
long-chain mono-and polyunsaturated
compounds to develop better cold flow
properties.[1–3]
The presence of such type
of mono-and polyunsaturated compounds
make methyl ester highly effective to
oxidative degradation.[4]
Storage stability
is the ability of liquid fuel to resist change
in its physical and chemical characteristics
brought about by its interaction with its
environment. The key factors for
introducing biodiesel is customer
acceptance, standardization and quality
assurance and storage stability is one such
criteria. The stability of biodiesel during
storage is more severe than that for
conventional diesel fuel. The resistance of
biodiesel to oxidative degradation during
storage is an important issue for viability
and sustainability of such alternative fuels.
IJREC (2016) 24–26 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Sustainable Biofuels: Current Scenario
Amit Agnihotri* Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
In context to the concerns related to attenuation of crude oil reserves, rise in demand and
price of petroleum, global climate change and energy security; bioenergy is increasingly
becoming relevant as a potential alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels are derived from
renewable bio-mass resources and therefore provide a strategic advantage to promote
sustainable development associated with high economic growth. Here, in this short review,
an overview of current scenario of biofuel production is discussed.
Keywords: biofuel, ethanol, feedstock
INTRODUCTION
Fuels are inevitable for industrial growth
and development, and progress of any
country. The life span of fossil fuel
resources has always been frightening.
Biodiesel, a renewable source of energy
seems to be an ideal solution for global
energy demands in many countries
including India.
Bio-fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels
produced from biomass resources such as
plant materials. Biofuels are derived from
renewable bio-mass resources and provide
a strategic advantage in promoting
sustainable development by supplementing
the conventional energy sources.
Biofuels help to replace diesel, petrol or
other fossil fuels for use in transportation,
stationary, portable and other applications.
Being sustainable, the biofuels are
beneficial in meeting the rapidly
increasing requirements for fuels
associated with high economic growth, as
well as in meeting the energy needs of
India’s vast rural population.
Biofuels have been grouped into first-,
second- and third-generational categories,
viz.
First Generation Biofuels
These are largely made from feedstock
that is conventionally being used as food.
This includes sugars, starch, vegetable
oils, and biodegradable output wastes from
agriculture, industry, forestry and
households. The first generation biofuels
meets 30% of national requirement,
however there are certain limitations
associated with it. Today, first-generation
biofuels (ethanol from corn and biodiesel
from vegetable oil and animal fats) have
taken a lot of heat in the media as being
the culprit behind rising food prices.[1]
These cannot be produced beyond a
threshold level without threatening the
nation’s food security. They are also not
cost-competitive compared to the existing
fossil fuels. Since, there are limited
numbers of low-cost options for feedstock;
the first-generation biofuels have nearly
reached their maximum market share in
the fuels market.
IJREC (2016) 27–28 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Solar Energy: Current Indian Scenario
Chhavi Jain*
MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
India with a rapidly growing economy
stands 5th in the world in terms of
production and consumption of electricity.
The country has tremendous scope of
generating solar energy largely because of
its geographical location which enables to
receive solar radiation almost throughout
the year. Almost every part of India
receives 4–7 kWh of solar radiation/m2
which is equivalent to 2300–3200 of
sunshine h/yr. Several states including
Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh
have the potential to trap solar energy due
to their location. Solar energy is the best
form of renewable energy source that
enables to fulfill energy needs of the
country and also allows bridging the gap
between the energy demand and supply.
Solar energy is the best replacement to any
other non-renewable energy sources in
India. It is inexhaustible and environment-
friendly. It does not release any harmful
gas like CO2 that could harm the
ecosystem. Solar energy is used for
various purposes such as heating, drying,
cooking and electricity. In a developing
country like India, where energy is scarce,
solar power is the best alternative for
power generation.
Not only this, solar energy system is cost-
effective and can be easily installed
anywhere including houses. However,
there are certain limitations associated
with the use of solar energy. Large land
spaces are required to install a solar power
plant. Only those areas that receive good
amount of sunlight are used for solar
power generation. The solar power panels
require high maintenance and can be easily
damaged, hence require great care and
huge maintenance expenses. Furthermore,
it is quite not feasible to generate energy
during night time with solar energy.
The Indian solar market is growing in size.
Thar Desert is known to have some of
India’s best solar power projects that are
estimated to generate 700–2100 GW. In
2014, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat,
Narendra Modi, inaugurated the country’s
biggest solar power plant at Diken in
Neemuch district of Madhya Pradesh.
India is now gaining prominence in the
field of solar power generation due to
several undergoing solar policies and
projects.
In a latest report by indiatimes.com, India
is supposed to have an additional solar
power generation capacity of nearly 5 GW
in 2016. This is much more than what was
observed in the previous year 2015. It is
the Mercom Capital Group, a global clean
energy communications and research
group that is expected to have the solar
installations in India to a total of 5 GW
this year.
A total of 7.5 GW solar installations were
set by May 2016 and nearly 2.2 GW new
capacities have been installed so far this
year. According to the solar project
pipeline, 22 GW have been surpassed of
which 13 GW are still under construction
and the other 9 GW are in the request for
proposal process. The Indian government
has shown strong interest towards the use
of renewables with solar power in
particular. By the end of FY2015-16, the
International Journal ofRenewable Energy
& Its CommercializationIJRECJAN -JUNE 2016
www.journalspub.com
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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
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Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
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« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
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« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
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