International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements vol 2 issue 1

IJSMFE

Jan - Jun 2016

International Journal of

Structural Mechanics &

Finite Elements

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and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

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« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Dr. Gang ChenSchool of Chemical Engineering and

Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China

Dr. Ajith RameshDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Nagar,Coimbatore, India

Dr. Basel Alsayyed Department of Mechanical Engineering,UAE University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. R S Jadoun G. B. Pant University of Agriculture &

Technology, Pantnagar, India

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Virudhunagar, India

Dr. V SugumaranSchool of Mechanical Engineering and

Building Sciences, VIT University, India

Dr. Sam PaulDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

Bo-Wun HuangChina

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Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

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1. Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault Simulator Krishna Lok Singh 1

2. Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping Between the Disc and the Brake Pads Ali Belhocine, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah 24

3. Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam Column ConnectionsR. Cheralathan, T. Swedha 45

4. A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in Aerospace ApplicationsHimanshu Garg 50

5. Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in Construction SectorS. Sharmila 54

Contents

IJSMFE (2016) 1–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault

Simulator

Krishna Lok Singh* CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Structural Technologies Division, Bengaluru, KA, India

Abstract

The paper presents the diagnosis strategy for the rolling element bearing system used in

machinery fault simulator (MFS). The concept is generic and it is applicable for most of the

system involving bearing sub-system. The MFS details and its various maintenance

strategies described. The monitoring of the rolling element bearing (REB), done with the

accelerometer sensors. Acquisition of data from the sensor analog voltage to the CPU in

digital format carried out using LabVIEW’s DAQmx. After acquisition the data, transferred

through filters such as Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, Band-stop, and Smooth algorithms.

Further the data analyzed using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and CWT (Continuous

Wavelet Transform), the details along with its equations discussed in this paper. The REB

fault frequencies computed using the expressions and these compared with the MFS fault

bearings data. The paper presents Ball Pass Frequency Outer-race (BPFO), Ball Pass

Frequency Inner-race (BPFI), Ball Pass Frequency Roller (BPFR) and lastly the combined

fault. Paper demonstrates the diagnosis of a bearing through these analysis and provides a

feedback to the user.

Keywords: bearing, machinery fault simulator, vibration analysis, data acquisition, data

transformation

INTRODUCTION

The rolling bearing element bearings play

a significant role in the many of the

applications such as aerospace, motors, gas

turbines, pumps and many other machines.

Nature and pattern of machinery failures

is broadly classified into two main

categories, time based wear out and

random failures. These two categories are

further divided into six cases, viz., (i)

Random failure (Traditional view 2%) (ii)

High infant mortality, than a low-level of

random failure, and a wear out zone;

(Bathtub curve 4%), (iii) Steady increase

in failure (Slow Aging 5%), (iv) Sharp

increase in failure (Best New 7%), (v)

Constant Random Failure (14%), and (vi)

High infant mortality, than random failure

(Worst New 68%). These six cases are

qualitatively [1]

shown graphically in

Figure 1. In the rolling element bearing

often encounters metal-to-metal contacts

which consequent in a wear. An early

detection of any deterioration in the

bearing is necessary to avoid major

machine failures. So, usually the vibration

signals from the bearings collected through

accelerometer sensors. These signals

analyzed and any variations in them due to

localized faults detected to judge the state

of the rolling element bearings.

The typical faults in rolling element

bearings include corrosion or damage in

outer race, inner race and rolling elements,

fatigue pitting and case damage, either one



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Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the

Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping Between the Disc

and the Brake Pads

Ali Belhocine1, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah

2

1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sciences and the Technology of Oran, USTO, El-Mnaouer,

Oran, Algeria 2System Technology and Mechanical Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to present a study based on the determination of the structural

deformations due to the contact of slipping between the disc and the pads. The results of

contact described in this work relate to displacements, Von Mises stress and contact

pressures of the pad at various moments of simulation. One precedes then the influence of

some parameters on the computation results such as rotation of the disc, the smoothness of

the mesh, the material of the brake pads and the friction coefficient enter the disc and the

pads, the disc material, the pads groove.

Keywords: finite element method (FEM), ventilated disc brake, gray cast iron , total

distortion, shear stress.

INTRODUCTION With the development of new technologies

in the automotive industry, vehicles have

become more and more efficient. Braking

systems should follow the same rhythm.

The brake, as a major security organ,

constantly arouses great interest to

engineers. In addition competition in the

automotive field is increasingly harsh,

putting pressure on efficiency, reliability,

comfort, cost and production time of all

automotive systems. For an engineer, the

goal is to find the best compromise

between the requirements of

security,technology and economic

constraints. To achieve an optimal design,

it should implement all available economic

technologies to solve the technical

problems, thus complementing

experimental studies. In the aerospace and

automotive industry, many parts are

subjected to simultaneous thermal and

mechanical loads, constant of fluctuating

The thermo-mechanical stresses cause

deformations and may even damage the

systems. For example, in friction braking

systems heat is generated in the disk and

brake pads, causing high stresses,

deformations and vibrations as cited in [1].

Reibenschuh et al. [2]

studied the thermo-

mechanical analysis of the brake disk, with

an elaborate model to determine the effects

of thermal and centrifugal loads on the

brake disc and its associated system.

Subramanian and Oza [3] studied

ventilated brake disc hub assembly

subjected to braking torque and bolt

pretension. The induced stresses due to the

bolt pretension were found to be negligible

compared to the braking torque. Shinde

and Borkar [4] carried out another analysis

of brake disc system using ANSYS

software to study the performance of two



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Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam

Column Connections

R. Cheralathan*, T. Swedha

Department of Structural Engineering, Valliammai Engineering College, India

Abstract Cold form steel structures are used for numerous purposes in construction industry. An

attempt has been made in this study to check the behavior of beam column connections by

using self-tapered screw in cold form steel section theoretical, experimentally and

analytically. Finally, the experimental results are compared with analytical results. This

study aims at the following objective by test performed on cold formed steel section to check

the behaviour connections. Studies on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS)

beam are increasingly popular in the last decades. Instability phenomena, such a failure of

joints due to shearing and bearing their interactions are the most interesting and complex

subjects within this research field. Understanding and dealing with these phenomena has

been central focus of research efforts. The behavior of Load carrying capacity of Light gauge

beam column joints is studied. And the failure patterns of this section were extracted. A cold

formed steel beam has been adopted for a span of 600mm and column 800mm it is verified

with finite element analysis using ABAQUS software. Comparison between the theoretical

and experimental results is presented and the agreements obtained are reasonably good.

Keywords: self-drilling screws, cold form steel, shearing and bearing.

INTRODUCTION

Thin sheet steel products are extensively

used in building industry, and range from

purlins to roof sheeting and floor decking.

Generally these are available for use as

basic building elements for assembly at

site or as prefabricated frames or panels.

These thin steel sections are cold-formed,

i.e. their manufacturing process involves

forming steel sections in a cold state (i.e.

without application of heat) from steel

sheets of uniform thickness.

These are given the generic title Cold

Formed Steel Sections. Sometimes they

are also called Light Gauge Steel Sections

or Cold Rolled Steel Sections. The

thickness of steel sheet used in cold

formed construction is usually 1 to 3 mm.

Much thicker material up to 8 mm can be

formed if pre-galvanised material is not

required for the particular application. The

method of manufacturing is important as it

differentiates these products from hot

rolled steel sections. Normally, the yield

strength of steel sheets used in cold-

formed sections is at least 280 N/mm2,

although there is a trend to use steels of

higher strengths, and sometimes as low as

230 N/mm2.

Manufacturers of cold formed steel

sections purchase steel coils of 1.0 to 1.25

m width, slit them longitudinally to the

correct width appropriate to the section

required and then feed them into a series of

roll forms. These rolls, containing male

and female dies, are arranged in pairs,



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A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in

Aerospace Applications

Himanshu Garg* H.P. University, Shimla, India

INTRODUCTION

Following by the motto of manufacturing

light-weighted vehicles with low strength

to weight ratio, lower stiffness and density,

engineering sectors namely, aviation,

automobile designing, light weight

construction are largely influenced by

structural conjuration of a honeycomb.

Inspired by the notion, many organizations

are working out on improvised form of

honeycomb structural panels. Since the

adhesive property of hexagonal

honeycomb structures is of major concern

in aircraft component. The use of

Honeycomb makes it possible to eliminate

buckling of the thin skins and provide the

exact amount of shear strength required to

do the job, which is a good sign for

engineers, as they are now able to design

or "tailor" panels to suit their exact

requirements. It is clear that the

Honeycomb section is much more efficient

than standard sections. We are therefore

able to conclude that Honeycomb panels

are the answer to bonding questions, as

they are stronger, stiffer, lighter and give a

much better surface finish than standard

equivalents.

HISTORICAL DATA ABOUT

IMPROVEMENTS IN HONEYCOMB

TECHNOLOGY

The first paper honeycomb structures

might have been made by the Chinese

2000 years ago for ornaments, but no

reference for this has been found. Paper

honeycombs and the expansion production

process have been invented in Halle/Saale

in Germany by Hans Heilbrun in 1901 for

decorative applications. First honeycomb

structures from corrugated metal sheets

had been proposed for bee keeping in

1890. For the same purpose, as foundation

sheets to harvest more honey, a

honeycomb molding process using a paper

paste glue mixture had been patented in

1878. The three basic techniques for

honeycomb production that are still used

today—expansion, corrugation and

moldings—were already developed by

1901 for non-sandwich applications.

Hugo Junkers first explored the idea of a

honeycomb core within a laminate

structure. He proposed and patented the

first honeycomb cores for aircraft

application in 1915. He described in detail

his concept to replace the fabric covered

aircraft structures by metal sheets and

reasoned that a metal sheet can also be

loaded in compression if it is supported at

very small intervals by arranging side by

side a series of square or rectangular cells

or triangular or hexagonal hollow bodies.

The problem of bonding a continuous skin

to cellular cores led Junkers later to the

open corrugated structure, which could be

riveted or welded together.

The first use of honeycomb structures for

structural applications had been

independently proposed for building

application and published already in 1914.

In 1934 Edward G. Budd patented a

welded steel honeycomb sandwich panel

from corrugated metal sheets and Claude

Dornier aimed 1937 to solve the core-skin

bonding problem by rolling or pressing a



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Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in

Construction Sector

S. Sharmila* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

BACKGROUND

It is normally unpredictable to reckon

uncertain seismic activity, but hopefully

advanced Earthquake warning systems

have been developed that can provide

regional notification of an earthquake in

progress, that provide timely alerts to the

mass but before the ground surface has

begun to move, potentially allowing

people within the system's range to seek

shelter before the earthquake's impact is

felt. More to the plate is the attempt to

create earthquake proof structures for

buildings. Disasters are unexpected events

which have adversely affected humans

since the dawn of our existence. In

response to such events, there have been

attempts to mitigate devastating effects of

these disasters. Results of such attempts

are very encouraging in developed

countries but unfortunately and miserably

poor in developing countries including

ours. Earthquakes are one of the nature’s

greatest hazards on our planet which have

taken heavy toll on human life and

property since ancient times. The sudden

and unexpected nature of the earthquake

event makes it even worse on

psychological level and shakes the moral

of the people. Man looks upon the mother

earth for safety and stability under his feet

and when it itself trembles, the shock he

receives is indeed unnerving.

INTRODUCTION

Mitigation of the devastating damage

caused by earthquakes is of prime

requirements in many parts of the world.

Since earthquakes are so far unpreventable

and unpredictable, the only option with us

is to design and build the structures which

are earthquake resistant. Accordingly

attempts have been made in this direction

all over the world. Results of such

attempts are very encouraging in

developed countries but miserably poor in

developing countries including our country

India. This is proved by minimal damage

generally without any loss of life when

moderate to severe earthquake strikes

developed countries, whereas even a

moderate earthquake cause’s wide spread

devastation in developing countries as has

been observed in recent earthquakes. It is

not the earthquake which kills the people

but it is the unsafe buildings which is

responsible for the wide spread

devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss

of life and property in recent earthquakes,

it has become a hot topic worldwide and

lot of research is going on to understand

the reasons of such failures and learning

useful lessons to mitigate the repetition of

such devastation. If buildings are built

earthquake resistant at its first place (as is

being done in developed countries like

USA, Japan etc) the devastation caused by

earthquakes will be mitigated most

effectively. The professionals involved in

the design/construction of such structures

are structural/civil engineers, who are

responsible for building earthquake

resistant structures and keep the society at

large in a safe environment.

Earthquake-resistant structures

They are the structures designed to

withstand earthquakes. While no structure

IJSMFE

Jan - Jun 2016


Structural Mechanics &

Finite Elements

www.journalspub.com

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements vol 2 issue 1