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CHAPTER 2Culture and Interpersonal Communication
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 1 CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
Interplay
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Intercultural Differences
Culture and Co-Culture
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Culture= “language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn.” (Samovar et al. 2007) Bound by
perception and definition
Intercultural Communication, defined:
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
“Two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal” (Samovar et al. 2007)
Intercultural Differences as Generalizations
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Cultural practices aren’t totally different
Greater differences within cultures than between cultures
Generalizations don’t always apply
Co-Culture – Generational (Examples)
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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Components of Co-Cultures
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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Age (ex. teens, seniors)Generation Group (ex. Boomers, Gen X)
Ancestry & Nationality (ex. DARs)Geographic Region Race and Ethnicity
Socioeconomic StatusEmployment (ex. IBMers)
Educational Institition Hobbies & Interests (ex. pets, gamers)
Memberships (ex. frats)Gender Identity & Sexual Orientation – LGBTQ
Religion ( ex. Protestant, Catholic)
Culture and Co-Culture
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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In-groups
Out-groups
Social identity
Co-culture
Intercultural Communication
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
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Degrees of cultural significance
Least intercultural: Cultural differences mean little
Most intercultural: Differences, backgrounds, beliefs noteworthy
Salience: Weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon
Interpersonal and Intercultural
Communication
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 2CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS
Interplay
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
High versus Low Content Low-context culture
Language expresses thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
High-context culture Relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal
cues to maintain social harmony How do these cultural norms impact
communication?
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Individualism and Collectivism
Individualistic: Primary responsibility to help oneself
Collectivistic: Loyalties and obligations to the in-group: extended family, community, or work organization
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Power Distance
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power
Low power distance: minimize distinctions between class and status
High power distance: obey authority
Uncertainty Avoidance Degree to which
members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them
High uncertainty avoidance: need clear rules and regulations
Low uncertainty avoidance: less threatened by the new and unexpected
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Achievement versus Nurturing
Achievement culture: Place a high value
on material success and focus on the task at hand
Nurturing culture Support of
relationships especially important
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 3CO-CULTURES AND COMMUNICATION
Interplay
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Ethnicity and Race Race has little use in explaining
individual differences. Ethnicity is more commonly used.
Degree to which a person identifies with a group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or other unifying perspective
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Gender identity/Sexual orientation
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
LGBTQ—lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning
Being open can give a sense of being authentic and belonging to a supportive co-culture
Disclosure can be risky Social climate has
become more receptive to LGBTQ individuals
Age/Generation Age-related communication reflects
culture as much as biology. Western cultures honor youth. People who believe older adults have
trouble communicating are less likely to interact with them and more likely to use patronizing speech when they do interact.
Communication challenges can arise when different generations work together.
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Socioeconomic Status Working class,
middle class, upper class
First-generation college (FGC) students may feel intercultural strain of two worlds
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 4CODES AND CULTURE
Interplay
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Verbal Codes Language and Identity
Language is related to personal identity
Verbal Communication Styles Directness or
indirectness Elaborateness or
succinctness Formality or
informalityInterplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/Proctor
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Nonverbal Codes People of all cultures convey messages through facial expressions and gestures Tremendous range in nonverbal behaviors
But there are some commonalities Personal space variances can create difficult communication situations
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Decoding Messages Attribution
We form some sort of interpretation of what others’ words and actions mean.
Ambiguous behavior can be interpreted in several ways ex. A wink = can be interpreted as flirting or mean that you are kidding with or teasing someone
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Section 5DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE
Interplay
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
Motivation and Attitude Desire
Tolerance for ambiguity Living with uncertainty
Open-mindedness Beware of
ethnocentrism Beware of prejudice Beware of
stereotyping
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Developing Intercultural Communication
Competence Requires:
Willingness to learn Mindfulness Passive observation Active strategies to learn about other people Use of appropriate self-disclosure
Patience and perseverance To understand the transition from culture
shock to adaptation
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Discussion Question: A Case Study
Our willingness to develop intercultural communication competence is affected by many outside factors One important factor is the tone set by national leaders Jingoism and xenophobia affect our willingness to
develop an understanding of people different from us
QUESTION: How do you think Trump’s comments about women, immigrants and other groups will affect the national dialogue between people of different cultures and co-cultures in the US? How might his comments set the tone across the country now that he is running for President and is leading in the polls?
Interplay, 13th Edition, Adler/Rosenfeld/ProctorCopyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press, Inc.