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IntoleranceandOppressioninIvano-Frankivsk
KyleLogan
Introduc9on
Oncetherewere56synagogues,nowonly1 EvenhadaJewishmayorArthurNimhin(1896-1919)
Ivano-Frankivskusetobeaethnicallymixedcity,todayitislargelyhomogeneous
Manydifferentgroupshavebeenthevic9msofpersecu9oninIvano-Frankivskoverthelastcentury,demographicallythecityhaschanged
Demographicsofthecity
1900 1921
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Armenian
German
Jewish
Czech
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Other
German
Jewish
DemographicsoftheCity
1959 1979
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
DemographicsoftheCity
1989 2001
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
Ivano-FrankivskinWWI
Ivano-FrankivskduringWWI
Russiansoccupiedthecity:September3,1914February20,1915;March4June8,1915;August11,1916July24,1917
AustriansshelledthecityinFebruary1915inordertoweakentheRussiandefensesthusdestroyingtheRatusha
RussianspersecutedtheJewsinIvano-Frankivskduringtheiroccupa9onjustliketheyhaddoneinpogromspreviouslyacrossCzaristUkraine
Thalerhof
Thalerhof
InternmentcampnearGraz,Austriafrom1914-1917forGalicianandBukovinianRussophiles
Over14,000peoplepassedthroughthecampwithat1,767deathsrecorded,thoughmanymorebelievedtohavedied
ThosethatdiedbecameknownasthemartyrsofThalerhofintheinterwareraamongRussophiles
GalicianGermans
GalicianGermans
GermansstartedarrivinginIvano-FrankivskaberGaliciabecamepartoftheAustro-HungarianEmpirein1772
MostcameabertheChernivtsi-Lvivrailwaywasfinishedin1866
Seeledalongtherailroad MostwereforcedtoleavewhentheSovietsinvadedabertheMolotov-RibbentropPactandre-seeledinmodernGermanyandGerman-occupiedPoland
Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)
Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)
Sovietsgavemostgovernmentposi9onstoUkrainiansandJews,whilerelega9ngPolestoclericalposi9onsinthenewadministra9on
SovietsencouragedUkrainianstoaeackPolesastheSovietsviewedPolesasthebourgeoisieenemy
School#5wasaninterroga9onKGB/NKVDplacewhere15bodieswerefoundduringrenova9onin2014&KGB/NKVDheadquarterswasinthenowSVUbuildingonSakharovstreet
Sovietdeported95,000peoplefromEasternGalicia(Lviv,Ternopil&StanislawowVoivodeships),with80%beingethnicPoles,10-15%Ukrainiansand5-10%Jews
Sovietskilledanother15,000people
DemianivLaz
DemianivLaz In1941theNKVDmurderedatleast524UkrainiansandPolesinPaschnichna,astheRedArmyretreatedfromtheWehrmacht
Manyvic9mswereforcedtodigtheirowngraves TheSovietsusedtheburialsiteasadumpinggroundforconstruc9onmaterialsaberthewarinordertohideevidenceoftheatrocity
Excava9onswerecarriedoutbytheUkrainianbranchoftheMoscow-basedMemorialSocietystar9ngin1989andlastedfor40days
DemianivLaz
Skeletalremainswerereburiedinadignifiedmannerlaterin1989
359men,159womenand6ofunknowngender Onlyabletoposi9velyiden9fy22of524bodies Around400vic9msnameswereiden9fied Manyvic9mswereshotthroughtheheadorbayonetedthroughthebreasts
Memorialcomplexwithchapelwasopenedin1998
GermanOccupa9on
GermanOccupa9on(1941-1944)
UndertheleadershipofHansKrgertheSSmanagedtokill70,000Jewsanddeportanother12,000Jewstodeathcampswithonly25GestapoofficersinkillingmanymembersofthePolishintelligentsia,hehadpreviouslypar9cipatedinthemassacreofPolishprofessorsinLviv
HansKrgerwasdemotedfordiscrepanciesinanauditin1943
RecruitednumerousUkrainiansaspolicementohelp,manyofwhomlaterjoinedtheUkrainianInsurgentArmy
BloodySundayofStanislawow
BloodySundayofStanislawow
Naziswiththeirlocalcollaboratorsroundedup6,000to12,000JewsatMarketSquareandeithermarchedorbusedthemtotheNewJewishcemeterynearwherethecitylakeistoday,
Jewswereforcedtojumpintoapit5metersdeepwhereatleast6,000-12,000wereshotonOctober21,1941inaspanof5hours
Perpetrators&Jus9ce BrothersJohann&WilhelmMauer,bothborninLvivandGalician
GermanswhoworkedfortheGestapoinStanislawowduringWWIIweretriedinSalzburg,Austriain1966forpar9cipa9ngintheBloodySundayMassacreofStanislawowin1941aberbeingiden9fiedbytheSimonWiesenthalCenter,bothwerefoundguiltyandgiven8and12yearsinprison
HansKrger:workedasasalesmaninDortmund,WestGermanyaberthewar,triedtobecomeapoliceofficer,butturneddownbyGermansecurityservices,failedpoli9calcandidateforLeagueofExpellees,indictedbyDortmundProsecu9onOfficein1965,admieedtobeingGestapoheadinStanislawowbelievingnovic9msweres9llalive,thisturnedouttobewrong,foundguiltyin1967andsentencedtolifeinprisonbyacourtinMnster,releasedin1986anddiedtwoyearslater
StanislawowGheeo
StanislawowGheeo GermansestablishedaJudenratorJewishcouncilonJuly26,1941
inordertoimplementGermanorders InAugusttheGermansdemandedJewssupply500skilledlaborers,
whotakenawayandkilled,theythoughttheyweregoingtogetjobs
GermansrequiredtheJudenrattoestablishalaborofficewheremenwererequiredtoshowupeverydayforforcedtasks
GheeowasestablishedabertheBloodySundayofStanislawowinOctober1941
TheGermanschosetheoldestandmostneglectedpartofthecityforthegheeo,thoseJewswhowerenotlivinginthegheeowereforcedtomoveintoitinDecember1941
Jewsonlyallowedtoleavethegheeoinordertodoforcedlabor About100JewishpoliceofficersorOrdnungdienstpatrolledinside
thegheeowithUkrainianandGermanSchutzpolizei
StanislawowGheeo Germansonlyallowed8,000Jewstoremaininthegheeo
aberMarch1942,therestweretransportedtoBelezcExtermina9onCamp,onlythosefittoworkremained
Jewsfromsurroundingcommuni9essuchasKalush,NadvirnaandTlumachthenkilledinsuccessiveexecu9onsintheSicherheitspolizeisHeadquartersandaplacecalledRudolfsMillorRudolfsmhle
BySeptember194211,000JewsremainedinStanislawow Another4,000JewsdeportedtoBelezcExtermina9on
Campinmid-September1942 Deporta9onstoBelezcstoppedinJanuary1943andthe
gheeowasliquidatedinFebruary1943 In1939therewere27,000Jewsby1944only228
CzarnyLasMassacre
CzarnyLasMassacre
About250PolishintelligentsiamembersmainlyteachersweremurderedonAugust14-15,1941
Partofthelargeropera9onintelligencetoeliminatethePolishintelligentsiabytheGermans
BroughttoaplaceintheforestnearthevillageofPawelczewheretheywerekilled
Themassgravewasnotdiscoveredun9l1988 Monumentsandplaquesplacedatthesitein1991and2011
14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)
14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)
July1943-May1945 RecruitedfromethnicUkrainiansinGalicia Onlyfoughtcommunistforces Between12,000and25,000menduringexistence PartoftheWaffenSS ServedinUkraine,Slovakia,Austria HopedthatbyworkingwithGermansUkrainewouldgainindependence SomeUkrainianna9onalistssupportedthem,othersdidnot Par9cipatedinkillingofPolesinmodernUkraine:HutaPieniacka(TernopilOblast),
Pidkamin(LvivOblast),&Palykorovy(LvivOblast) WerenotdeportedbacktoUkraineaberWWIIbecausepreviouslyPolishci9zens MostreseeledasdisplacedpersonsinCanada,UK,USA,GermanyandAustralia
aberWWII ReveredtodaybyUkrainianna9onalists UkrainianDivisionStreetinIvano-Frankivsknamedintheirhonor
Stalag371
Stalag371 PrisonersweretransferredfromaPOWCampintheLangwasserdistrictofNuremberg
August1942-January1944about2,000DutchPOWswereheldattheDubrovaPrison
5DutchPOWsdied,4areburiedintheprisongrounds,
10DutchPOWssuccessfullyescapedwiththehelpoftheUkrainianInsurgentArmy
ThePOWsweretransferredtoaanotherPOWCampinNeu-BrandenburgastheRedArmyadvancedandwereliberatedin1945
POWCamp304
POWCamp304 Around4,500Germanand500HungarianPOWswerehousedintheformerJewishgheeoinApril1945
ByAugust1945,only1600POWsremainedinIvano-Frankivsk
SeveralplacesfordeceasedPOWsarelocatedinthecity,butnomarkerisvisiblecurrentlyanywhere
CampwasformerlyclosedbydecreeonNovember29,1946andallPOWsweretransferredtootherPOWcampsintheUSSR
SovietIncorpora9on
SovietIncorpora9on
SovietsmergedtheGreek-CatholicChurchwiththeRussianOrthodoxChurch(MoscowPatriarch)
RomanCatholicChurchwasoutrightbanned Industry,businessandpropertywasna9onalized EthnicPolesdeportedtoPoland Massivere-seelingofethnicRussiansandotherSovietna9onali9estoreplacethepre-warpopula9onkilledorexpelled
UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes
UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes Es9mated18,400PolesweremurderedjustinStanislawow
VoivodeshipbyUPAduringWWII UPAhopedtheSovietsandGermanswouldkilleachotheroffand
PolesweremostnumerousethnicityinWesternUkraineaberUkrainians
ManyUPAfighterspreviouslyservedtheGermanoccupyingauthori9es
Frommid-1944theUPAturnedtheiraeen9ontotheRedArmy Ac9onsclassifiedasgenocidebythePolishSjem Killedbetween60,000to100,000PolesinWesternUkraine AssistedinthekillingofJewsthroughoutUkraine,manymembers
heldan9-Semi9cviews Killedaround20,000Ukrainianciviliansbetween1944-1950and
10,000Sovietsoldiers
Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII
Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII
Between1944-1953theSovietsinWesternUkrainekilled153,000Ukrainians,arrested134,000Ukrainiansanddeportedanother203,000UkrainianstosuchdistantplacesasKomiRepublic,IrkutskOblast,KrasnoyarskKrai,andKazakhstan.
Thisequalsabout490,000people;almosteveryfamilyinWesternUkrainehadafamilymemberkilled,arrestedordeported
Majorityofthosedeportedwerewomenandchildren Manyofthosedeportedwereneverallowedtoreturn
toWesternUkraine
PolishDeporta9ons
PolishDeporta9ons Between1944-1949:787,674peopleweredeportedfromUkrainianSSRtoPolandoutofatotalof1,517,983fromUSSRintotal
75,900PoleswerefromStanislawowVoidovship Deporta9onsdidnotapplytoethnicPoleswhohadSovietci9zenshipbeforeWWII
ThoseofmixedPolishorJewishethnicitywereallowedtochooseSovietorPolishci9zenship
482,000ethnicUkrainianswerealsoforcedtomovetotheSovietUnionfromPoland
PolishDeporta9ons
Policywascompletede-Polinisa9onofformerPolishlandswithreseelingethnicUkrainiansfromwestofCurzonlineinformerPolishterritoriesandre-namingplaces
MostPolesfromUkrainewerereseeledinWesternPoland,whichthelocalGermanpopula9onhadbeenexpelledattheendofWWII
ErasingEthnicFootprint
Erasingethnicfootprint OldJewishCemetery:burialsstartedin1662andstoppedin1930,bulldozedin
early1960sinordertobuildtheCosmosMovieTheaterwhichopenedin1963 StanislavNecropolis:burialsstartedin1782andstoppedin1955,bulldozedin
1980inordertomaketheformernecropolisintoapark,only11gravesoffamouspeoplewerespared
EvangelicalAugsburgCathedral:finishedin1885anddetonatedin1970inordertobuildtheIvano-FrankivskOblastAcademicMusicandDramaTheater
ChurchoftheVirginMarywasclosedandgiventoIvano-FrankivskOilandNaturalGasUniversityin1965andbecameanartmuseumin1980
ArmenianChurchwasamuseumofspaceandatheismfrom1971-1990 PartoftheNewJewishCemeterywasdestroyedinordertobuildtheCityLakein
the1950s ChristtheKingMonastery:school,policesta9on,furniturewarehouseandstate
archivesduringSovietperiod ChurchofChristtheKing(RomanCatholic):abandonedfrom1947-1954,thena
bookdepositoryandclothingwarehouse HolyTrinityCathedral:Sovietwarehouse
SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk
SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk OldJewishCemeteryfoundedin1662wasbulldozedinorderto
buildtheCosmosmovietheaterinearly1960s,itwasclosedforburialin1930
TheNewJewishCemeterystartedburialsin1926 1964thecitygovernmenterectedamonumentattheNewJewish
CemeterythattheNaziskilledmorethan100,000peacefulSovietci9zensandprisonersofothercountriesduringtheiroccupa9on,itdidnotmen9onthewordJewsatall
AllburialsintheNewJewishCemeterystoppedin1967withtheSix-DayWarbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors,theUSSRbrokeoffdiploma9crela9onswithIsrael
Since1967allJewsofIvano-FrankivskwereburiedintheoldcitycemeteryonKyivStreetandlaterinthevillageofChukalivka
Thesynagoguewasgivenin1954totheMedicalUniversityandusedasagymnasiumandlecturehallun9lthefalloftheUSSR
Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk
Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk 1991-themainsynagoguewasreturnedtotheJewishcommunity,buttheywereunabletomaintainthewholebuildingandsorentedoutpartsofthebuilding
2002CongressofUkrainianNa9onalistsrequestdemographicinfoonmembersofVerkhovaRadatoguardagainstcosmopolitanismacode-wordforJewishinfluence
2009Vandalsspraypaintswas9kasongravesintheNewJewishCemeteryontheanniversaryofBloodySundayofStanislaw
WarpedPost-Sovietview
WarpedPost-Sovietview Svboda,RightsSector,andCongressofUkrainianNa9onalistshavealargepoli9cal
presenceinthecity 2003:amonumentoutsidetheonlyfunc9oningsynagogueinthecitywasinstalled
tohonorthememoryofnottheover27,000Jewskilled,but15Ukrainianna9onalistsgunneddownbytheGestapoagainstthesynagoguewall,thestreetwasrenamedabertheexecutedna9onalistsin2010
2004:OleyTyahnybok,leaderofSvbodapartyischargedwithinci9ngethnichatredbythePublicProsecutorsOfficeofIvano-FrankivskOblast,heiseventuallyacquieedofallchargesunderpoli9calpressureonMarch31,2005
Noholocaustmemorialinthecenterofthecity,justatthenewJewishcemeterybytheCityLakepaidforbyAmericanandIsraeliJews
NomemorialtothedeportedGermansorPoles ManystreetsnamedaberOUN&UPAmembers:EugeneKonovalets,Stepan
Bandera,SlavaStetsko,andHeroesofUPA StatuesandplaquesadornthecitywithmembersofOUN&UPA:StepanBandera,
StepanLenkavsky,EugeneKonovalets,StepanLenkavskyandothers
Problemswithtolerance
ProblemswithTolerance July22,2015:Womanaeacksandinsultsdark-skinnedforeignersin
downtownIvano-Frankivsk August22,2015:scufflebetweenArabstudentsplayingmusicfrom
theircarandATOveterans December22,2015:2JordanianMedicalStudentsseduce2female
minorsandthengivethemtoArabmedicalstudentsinTernopilwheretheyaresexuallyassaulted,foundguiltylaterinMarch2016
January22,2016:Azovcivilianregimentalongwithotherfar-rightgroupsholdamarchofjus9cetodemandremovalofrectorfromIFMedicalUniversity,thefullweightofjus9cetobeappliedtoforeignstudentandthensmoked-bombedadormitoryatIFOilandNaturalGasUniversityhousingforeignstudents
April15,2016:MayorRuslanMartsinkivdemandsthatforeignersshouldhavelimitedaccesstosellinggoodsatthemarket
Ques9onstoanswer
Ques9onstoanswer
Whois/arethevic9msinIvano-Frankivsk? WhatshouldthecitycouncilofIvano-Frankivskdoinordertoremembertheallvic9ms?
Whatdidyoufindthemostinteres9ngaboutthispresenta9on?