INVENTION MADE IN 18TH CENTURY

Roushan Hari

Class-8 Roll no.-31

School- St Francis Academy

INDEX Topic Page No.

Introduction 2Water Transportation 3Clockwork Powered Carriage 4Steam-driven artillery tractor 5 First submarine 6hot air balloon 7Hydrogen balloon 8 working model of a steam carriage 9

In the 18th century, transportation was primitive by today's standards. The majority of the time if you wanted to go anywhere you either walked or rode a horse on trails or rough roads. Most folks could not afford carriages or wagons. People traveled from one country to the next by small wooden ships or stagecoach services. 

Land TransportationPeople and goods got around on land by horse drawn wagons, coaches, and carriages. For personal transportation, people used the horse. Oxen and mules pulled wagons and carts, loaded with goods and personal property from one destination to the other. In Europe, especially in England, the majority of roads were well kept pathways between cities and villages. The majority of American roads were Indian trails cut in the wilderness. The roads that did exist had tree stumps in the middle, with wagon ruts on either side. This made travel difficult if not impossible to say the least. It would be some time before America would build good roads. It was the call for a national road in the 1740's that would be the catalyst for building these good roads. Transportation on land would not be possible if it had not been for the horse. The horse was used for transportation and farming. Indeed if it were not for the horse, Nations and empires would not have been built. For the horse was a mover of society in the 18th century.

Introduction

Water transportation

The main ship of the day was the sailing vessel. There were two types of ships, the overseas vessel and the smaller "coasting" vessel. Overseas vessels transported cargo and passengers to destinations like America, Nova Scotia, and China. Coastal vessels transported goods and people along the coasts, such as the American east coast. They were not meant for crossing the ocean.

These ships were small, cramped and usually had a crew of no more than 25 or 30 men. These vessels carried out sea trade, cargo hauling, or general transport within the world empires of the day. The English empire was based on her navy and her ability to protect its merchant fleets.

Bateau, canoes and rafts were mainly used in the wilderness or undeveloped areas of the world. For example in America, the Natives used the birch bark canoe for transportation on the major rivers. The fur traders used canoes, bateau and rafts to transport their yearly take of furs to Rendezvous and outposts for transport to market.

Clockwork Powered Carriage

Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist who was responsible for the creation of impressive and innovative automata and machines such as the first completely automated loom

•Year:1740

•Best described, the clockwork carriage is a public conveyance that seats two adults, picture a pair of velocipedes-penny farthings joined in parallel by the central-center main axle.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor. He is known to have built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.

•Year 1769

•Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot exhibited an experimental steam-powered artillery tractor in 1769 that many consider to be the real first steam car.

•The Cugnot steam car or "Steamertraveled at a blazing 2 ½ mph and Cugnot ran it once into a stone wall making for the first motor vehicle accident in history.

Steam-driven artillery tractor

 FIRST SUBMARINE

David Bushnell (1754–1824), of Westbrook, Connecticut, was an American inventor and a veteran of the Revolutionary War. He is credited with creating the first submarine ever used in combat, while studying at Yale College in 1775.

•Year 1776

•Turtle (also called American Turtle) was the world's first submersible with a documented record of use in combat.

•Bushnell designed her for use against British Royal Navy vessels occupying North American harbors during the American Revolutionary War.

HOT AIR BALLOON

Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were the inventors of the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon, 

•Year 1783

•A hot air balloon is a lighter than air aircraft consisting of a bag called the envelope that is capable of containing heated air.

•Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and (usually) a source of heat, in most cases an open flame

HYDROGEN BALLOON

 Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) launch the first Hydrogen balloon

•Year 1783

•There are two types of light-gas balloons: zero-pressure and superpressure. Zero-pressure balloons are the traditional form of light-gas balloon.

•They are partially inflated with the light gas before launch, with the gas pressure the same both inside and outside the balloon. As the zero-pressure balloon rises, its gas expands to maintain the zero pressure difference, and the balloon's envelope swells.

WORKING MODEL OF A STEAM CARRIAGE

William Murdoch (sometimes spelled Murdock) (21 August 1754 – 15 November 1839) was a Scottish engineer and inventor.Murdoch was employed by the firm of Boulton and Watt and worked for them in Cornwall, as a steam engine erector for ten years, spending most of the rest of his life in Birmingham, England. •Year 1784

•An important invention for which William Murdoch's name is little known is Britain's first working model of a steam carriage, or road locomotive.

• French engineer Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot had already demonstrated the utility of such a device by building (from 1769) two full-sized working steam vehicles. All that was needed was a more effective design.

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH

•Year 1774

•Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph. Electric Telegraph uses electric signals to send communication via radio or line.

•This was used as a communication of people but only inside the same country.

Georges-Louis Le Sage (13 June 1724 – 9 November 1803) was a Genevan physicist and is most known for his theory of gravitation, for his invention of an electric telegraph and his anticipation of the kinetic theory of gases.

TYPEWRITER

•Year 1829

•This was the most important device during those days used by editors in newspapers.

•This was important because this helped Industrial Revolution by providing fast information from the reporters to the editors which then later, published to the citizen.

William Austin Burt (June 13, 1792 – August 18, 1858) was an American inventor, legislator, surveyor, and millwright. He was the inventor, maker and patentee of the first typewriter constructed in America. He is referred to as the "father of the typewriter".

TELEGRAPH

•Year 1837

•The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph.

•Samuel Morse developed a that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. 

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

TELEPHONE

•Year 1876

•A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user.

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone

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