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Definition - Interpersonal Communication

• Interpersonal communication is by focusing on what happens between people, not where they are or how many are present

• Interpersonal communication is a distinct type of interaction between people – inter meaning “between” and person…between people.

• Communication exists on a continuum from impersonal to interpersonal.

The Interpersonal ImperativeWhy We Communicate?

2) Develop Identities (Who am I?)

3) Establish and build relationships (What groups do I want to be in? Who do I want to be friends with?)

4) Coordinate efforts with others (School, job, sports, hobbies, events, etc.)

5) Have impact on issues that matter (Lead, persuade, influence, compete, etc.)

6) Work out problems (Daily event)

Principles of Interpersonal Communication

• We cannot not communicate• Interpersonal communication is irreversible• Interpersonal communication involves ethical choices

• People construct meanings in interpersonal communication

• Metacommunication affects meaning

• Interpersonal communication develops and sustains relationship

• Interpersonal communication is not a panacea• Interpersonal communication effectiveness can be learned

What makes up our communication?

How we communicate?

Why communication is important?

The development of human culture is made possible by our ability to:

1. Share experiences

2. Build trust

3. Exchange ideas

4. Transmit knowledge

1. SHARED EXPERIENCES1.

•Activities•Time spent with friends, family, partner, children and pets•Instinct to survive •Desire for health, wealth, knowledge and happiness•Movies, book clubs, musical events, plays, art

Shared experiences inform our lives no matter who we are, how different we are from others, no matter where we live.

2. BUILD TRUST continued

Respect. It is essential that the tone, content, and delivery of your communication genuinely respects all participants or members – even if it’s sometimes difficult.

•Transparency of processes. Your entire engagement efforts should be clear and well-understood devoid of ‘hidden’ or alternative agendas (personal, political, or informational.)

•Clarity in the role and influence people will have in the either the decision-making or implementation of solutions.

•Effective engagement and trust requires that everyone involved is working from a common understanding of the issue and each other’s perspectives as possible.

2. BUILD TRUST continued

Stephen M.R. Covey (2006) has identified ‘five waves of trust’ that are worth considering. A brief summary:

1) Self-trust.

The Principle of Credibility. In its simplest form: “do you trust yourself and are you someone that others can trust?” It is critical that you honestly answer ‘yes’ to both questions.

2) Relationship Trust.

This is all about consistent behavior in all your relationships with others. People judge us on our behavior not our intentions.

BUSINESS

3) Organizational Trust.

The principle here is alignment – in essence does your organization structures, policies, and systems engender the trust you want to achieve?

4) Market Trust.

This refers to your organization’s overall reputation – a trust that can be built or destroyed at incredible speed.

5) Societal Trust.

This is based on the principle of contribution – do others see your organization or entity as having a past record of accomplishment and contribution to the things they care about?

3. EXCHANGE OF IDEAS

The ancient trade routes were the communications highways of the ancient world. (The information highway is our way) •The Spice and the Silk Road had a significant influence on the development of the great civilizations (China, India, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Egypt, Persia (, Arabia, and Rome.)

•Cities along these routes grew rich providing services and goods to traders, pilgrims, missionaries, soldiers, nomads, and merchants.

•They were cultural and artistic centers, with people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. (Ideas, goods and raw materials flowed.)

Ancient Trade Routes

3. EXCHANGE OF IDEAS continued

1. Websites:•Pinterest.com •Cruelty free products

http://www.leapingbunny.org•Houzz.com•WikiHow.com •TEDTalks

2. Conversation with others

3. Demonstrations of products

4. Movies, books, magazines

5. Social Media

6. Think Tanks

7. Other

4. Transmit Knowledge

How do we transmit knowledge? •Prehistoric times: Fires, beacons, smoke signals, drums and horns

The first line of Roman communication were roads. •The roads were built for official communications. Travel by public stage coach averaged some 60 miles per day. Caesar once rode by carriage 800 miles in eight days.

•Private individuals could use them only by rare and special permission (Letters.)

4. Transmit Knowledge – Sharing and Communication

Cave paintings – 30,000 B.C. France

A means for communicating – Documenting types of animals, environmental changes, art to decorate caves.

Painting continues today as a form of expression, documentation, and decoration.


Pictographs – 3,00 BC - a pictorial symbol for a word or phrase were used as the earliest known form of writing, examples having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 BC.

Today: Emoji are the ideograms or smileys used in Japanese electronic messages and webpages. Originally meaning pictograph, the word emoji literally means "picture" (e) + "character" (moji). �


The Marathon Man/Messenger•Pheidippides – Greek Hero, is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of a military victory against the Persians.•Most long distance messengers memorized their message or carried them in writing. Delivered no faster than the fastest horse.•Don’t kill the messenger!

Heliograph – 37 AD•(Greek helios, meaning "sun", and graphein meaning "write") is a wireless solar telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using Morse code) reflected by a mirror. •The heliograph was effective for instantaneous optical communication and for centuries•Main uses were military, survey and forest protection work.


Paper – (206 BC – 220 AD) •Invented in ancient China (Han Dynasty) and spread slowly to the west via the Silk Road.

Town Crier – UK 1540 •Town criers - communication with the people of the town (most people could not read or write.)•Proclamations, local bylaws, market days, advertising.•In Goslar, Germany, a crier employed to remind the local populace not to urinate or defecate in the river the day before water was drawn for brewing beer.


Daily Newspaper – 1620 AD•The first English-language newspaper (meant for the public) was published in Amsterdam in 1620. •By the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, there were 37 independent newspapers to keep the colonists informed.

Morse Code

The Morse code/machine was created by American Morse. The International Morse eventually took over American Morse.


Radio – 1896•Guglielmo Marconi patented the radio that became commercially important.•War accelerated the development. WWI AND WWII •In 1922, President Warren G. Harding first president to have his voice transmitted by radio.

3) Transmit Knowledge

• 1838: Electrical telegraph.

• 1858:

First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable.

First PhoneBasic electrical signals

Telephone – 1827•Scottish engineer Alexander Bell patents first (bi-directional) electric phone.

3) Transmit Knowledge

•1927: Television.

•1956: Transatlantic telephone cable

1962:

Commercial telecommunications satellite

•1964: Fiber optical telecommunications

•1981: First mobile (cellular) phone network

•1983: Internet.


Electronic TelevisionFew inventions have had as much effect on contemporary American society as television.

•Percentage of households that possess at least one television: 99 •Number of TV sets in the average U.S. household: 2.24

•Percentage of U.S. homes with three or more TV sets: 66 •Number of hours per day that TV is on in an average U.S. home: 6 hours, 47 minutes •Percentage of Americans that regularly watch television while eating dinner: 66•Number of hours of TV watched annually by Americans: 250 billion •Number of videos rented daily in the U.S.: 6 million

•Number of public library items checked out daily: 3 million •Percentage of Americans who say they watch too much TV: 49

Mobile Technology Fact Sheet (Highlights of the Pew Internet Project’s research related to mobile technology.)

As of January 2014:•90% of American adults have a cell phone

•58% of American adults have a smartphone•32% of American adults own an e-reader•42% of American adults own a tablet computer

Factoids:•67% of cell owners find themselves checking their phone for messages, alerts, or calls — even when they don’t notice their phone ringing or vibrating.

•44% of cell owners have slept with their phone next to their bed because they wanted to make sure they didn’t miss any calls, text messages, or other updates during the night.

Mobil Phones

Social Media

Compuserve

When: Sept. 1979

What: First internet service to allow the exchange of email.

Hundreds of thousand of users hung out in digital forums

Linkedin

When: December 2002

What: The go-to place to act professional without a business suit.

•Job applicants use it more as a résumés•Help wanted information

Social Media

Myspace

When: August 2003

What: Once the worlds hottest social networking site.•Justin Timberlake became co-owner in 2009.

When: February 2004

What: The most popular site on the web behind Google.

•Over 1 billion active users

Social Media

When: February 2005

What: A popular video sharing site, now owned by Google.

Approx. 6 billion hours of video viewed each month. 100 hours of video uploaded every minute

So many adorable cats and

dogs!

TWITTER

When: March 2006

What: A micro-blogging site complete with #hashtags and @taggings

•340 million daily tweets•1.6 billion search's daily

Social Media

Pinterest

When: March 201

What: No matter what you collect, craft, create or plan, you’ll have more fun sharing it with others. •70 + estimated users•80% of users are women

Instagram

When: October 2010

What: Take a picture, it will last longer…Post it to Instagram, it will last forever!•2012 – Over 100 million users•2013 – a 23% increase in traffic.

Social Media

When: Launched late 2013

What: A user snaps a photo or a video and taps a button and shares with all of the user’s friends.

Snapchat stories disappear after 24 hours.Only available to a list of friends who have posted stories in the past 24 hours. Major threat to Facebook, Twitter and Instagram25 million people watch pictures from the historic snowstorm that hit New Yorkers Jan. 26, 2015

Snapchat

Begin presentation

How has technology affected communication?

The internet •Overcoming a sense of isolation is one of the greatest features of online communities and virtual worlds. (Online communities similar hobbies, pursuits, and interests.)•Increased ability to communicate and influence. (No judgment based on appearance.) • Anyone can broadcast - whether it be a distraught mother or a crusading journalist. Nobody needs to ask for permission, even in a corrupt, authoritarian country. (In the past, media provided a filter. If something was on the front page or the evening news, it was considered important. If not, it wasn’t.) Examples: Occupy Wall street, The Arab Spring, protest in Ukraine, Russia

How has technology affected communication?

Society is likely on the cusp of a social revolution, during which it will be important to redefine socially appropriate and acceptable behaviors (with regard to digital or virtual interaction).

The internet – •Social media is playing an increasing role in shaping events. A small group of passionate people can influence others that are slightly more reticent, still others take notice and also join in. Example: Happiness, Gangham Style, Ice Bucket Challenge that raised money for •Social media can also serve as a bully pulpit (Cyberbullying) "Monica Lewinsky - She'll be giving a talk about bullying and social media on March 19th. A more compassionate social media environment, drawing from her experiences being at epicenter of a media) •Rate my professor - One North Carolina University study took two professors — one male and one female — who each taught two online classes. Each professor would teach one class as their own gender and the other posing as the opposite gender. The study found that, when students thought a woman was teaching them, their reviews were increasingly negative.

Cyberbullying

•Cyberbullying can happen 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and reach a kid even when he or she is alone.

•Cyberbullying messages and images can be posted anonymously and distributed quickly to a very wide audience. It can be difficult and sometimes impossible to trace the source.

•Deleting inappropriate or harassing messages, texts, and pictures is extremely difficult after they have been posted or sent.

Models of Interpersonal Communication – Linear, interactive and transactional

1) Linear models – Aristotle (Father of Rhetoric – Teaching of persuasion)

•Aristotle taught that Communication is a verbal activity for speaker to persuade using (pathos) emotion, (logos) logic, and (ethos) credibility.

Speaker – Argument – Speech - Listener

Linear Models – Evolved from Harold Lasswell – (1948) Political Scientist as an outgrowth of his work in propaganda.

• A one-way process, in which one person acts on another (Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect.)

Shannon and Weaver (1949) – added a Noise Source – Any electrical distortion audio and video, spam in online communication, regional accents, or background conversation that interferes with the message.

2) Interactive Models -A process in which listeners give feedback (respond to the message)

• Wilbur Schramm (1965) Communication created commonness between messages within personal fields of experience.

Fields of experience can be defined as, “life experiences, attitudes, values, and beliefs that each communicator brings to an interaction and that shape how messages are sent and received”

(McCornack, 2010, p. 10).

3 3) Transactional Model - Emphasize the dynamism of interpersonal communication

• Includes the multiple roles (communicating and receiving)

during the process.

• Our experience and others experience impact success of communication.

• Includes the feature of time.

• Also, social systems (shared campus, town, workplace, religion, culture, and family, religion & friends.)

Levels of Communication (Except intrapersonal communication, all levels involve

interpersonal communication, and more of continuum than levels)

Levels of CommunicationINTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication involves three basic different levels of communication activity:

1) Internal discourse: Thinking, concentration, and analysis. (Includes daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming, prayer, contemplation and mediation.)

2) Solo vocal communication: Speaking out loud to oneself. (Thinking, rehearsing, or letting off steam.)

3) Solo written communication: Writing, for self, such as a diary or journal.


Three aspects of intrapersonal communication, 1) self concept, 2)perception and 3) expectations

1)Self-concept (self awareness) is the basis for intrapersonal communication, because it determines how a person sees him/herself and is oriented toward others. •Experiences - Good or bad – (Affects how we feel about situations, ourselves – Affecting how we communicate with ourselves, and ultimately others.) Examples: Documentary – India’s daughter, McKay – eating disorder. •Body Image – Our perception of our body, positive or negative, based on social standards. Examples: Fat Shaming (Kelly Clarkson, Melissa McCarthy, Adele.) •Income, occupation, where you live, where you came from, etc. •Values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior



2) Perception

Perception, as defined in our textbook, is the process we use to create meaning for others, objects, occurrences, and other events (Wood 64).

We use this process by selecting what we notice, organizing it by assigning meaning, and interpreting these meanings. (Usually louder, more chaotic, aggressive, or potentially dangerous situations get our attention first.)

Perception includes the five senses: touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It also includes the ability to detect changes in body positions and movements, and process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend or detecting

Levels of Communication I NTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

3) Expectations: The expectations that each of us have are influenced by the four attributes below and help define our perception (Wood 64 - 66). •Prototype – Categories of people or things that represent what you judge others against. (Teachers, supervisors, friends, past loved ones.)•Personal constructs –A bipolar, mental yardstick we use to measure people and situations (Kind-not kind, attractive-not attractive, intelligent – not intelligent.)

•Stereotypes – A predictive generalization about individuals and situations based on the categories in which we put them. (May be accurate or inaccurate.) •Scripts – A guide of action that are expected of us and others. (Greetings, dating, how we view others, dealing with conflict, etc.)


3) Expectations or life scripts The expectations that each of us have are influenced by prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts (Wood 69).

Example: •The prototype we hold for a significant other greatly affects the way we perceive potential boyfriends or girlfriends. In the film, He is Just Not That into You, one of the women’s prototype for a marriage consists mainly of trust and honesty. When she finds out her husband has been cheating and lying about smoking, their marriage does not fit her prototype and she leaves him. •Based on our experiences, we develop personal constructs that we employ to evaluate others (Wood 69). One of the female characters in the movie uses her personal constructs to assess all the men she goes on a date with, constantly trying to find the right guy. However, her personal constructs are skewed. In the beginning of the film she mentions the common stereotype that girls are taught at a young age that if a boy acts like a jerk to her that means he likes her.

Stereotypes influence perceptions, often in flawed ways. Our daily lives and interactions are full of scripts. In the film, one of the females holds onto the common script that if two people are in love, they are supposed to get married. This script leads her to break up with her long term boyfriend who does not ever want to get married but yet truly loves her.

Values are attitudes about the worth or importance of people, concepts, or things.

• Values influence behavior because we use them to decide between alternatives.

• Values guide the way we live, who we are and how we do things.

• Values influence our priorities.

• Strong values are what we put first, defend most, and want to least to sacrifice.

• The sum of all communication experiences in one’s life influences his/her values and how

he/she goes about future communication; where each interaction is a learning experience for all

parties involved.

Dominate sources for values

Dominant sources that shape and influence through socialization:•Family•Peers•The workplace (work ethics, job roles, where you work)•Significant life events (death, divorces, losing jobs, major accident and trauma, major health issues, significant financial loss, serving in the military, having a family member in prison.)•Media (books, movies, social media, etc.)•Music•Culture•Religion•Education and social group•Technology•Major historical events (world wars, economic depressions, genocide, slavery)

Advice to international students

• From http://www.internationalstudentguidetotheusa.com/articles/culture.htm

1. U.S. society is made up of a diversity of ethnic groups and cultures that have helped shape American values;

2. Some individuals and groups have a set of respected values that are quite different from those of mainstream America;

3. People's attitudes and behavior are based on their values.

The Values That Shape U.S. Culture Adapted from “The Values Americans Live By”

by L. Robert Kohls

1. Personal Control over the Environment •People can/should control nature, their own environment and destiny; future is not left to fate.

Result: The U.S. is seen as an energetic, goal-oriented society.

2. Change/Mobility •Change is seen as positive and good, and indicates progress, improvement, and growth.

Result: The U.S. is a transient society, geographically, economically, and socially.

3. Time and Its Control •Time is valuable; the achievement of goals depends on productive use of time.

Result: Efficiency and progress can be emphasized often at the expense of interpersonal relationships.

4. Equality/Egalitarianism •People have equal opportunities; people are important as individuals, for who they are, not from which family they come.

Result: Relative to some other cultures, little deference is shown or status acknowledged.

The Values That Shape U.S. Culture Adapted from “The Values Americans Live By” by L.

Robert Kohls

5. Individualism, Independence, and Privacy •People are seen as separate individuals (not group members) with individual needs.

Result: U.S. Americans can be seen as self-centered and sometimes isolated and lonely.

6. Self-Help •U.S. Americans take pride in own accomplishments, not in name.

Result: Respect is given for achievements, not “accident of birth.”

7. Competition and Free Enterprise •U.S. Americans believe competition brings out the best in people and free enterprise produces the most progress and success.

Result: There can be less emphasis on cooperation than competition.

8. Future Orientation/Optimism •U.S. Americans believe that, regardless of past or present, the future will be better, happier.

Result: Less value placed on past; “forward-looking constant looking ahead to tomorrow.”

9. Action and Work Orientation •U.S. Americans believe that work is morally right; that it is immoral to waste time.

Result: More emphasis on “doing” rather than “being”; pragmatic, no-nonsense attitude toward life.

The Values That Shape U.S. Culture Adapted from “The Values Americans Live By”

by L. Robert Kohls 10. Informality •U.S. Americans believe that formality is “un-American” and a show of arrogance and superiority.

Result: This leads to a much more casual and generally egalitarian attitude between people and in their relationships than in some other cultures.

11. Directness, Openness, Honesty •One can only trust people who “look you in the eye,” and “tell it like it is.” Truth is not dependent on circumstance: “honesty is the best policy.”

Result: People tend to tell the “truth” and not worry about saving the other person’s “face” or

“honor.”

12. Practicality/Efficiency •Practicality is usually the most important consideration when decisions are to be made.

Result: There is less emphasis on the subjective, aesthetic, and emotional elements or on

consensual decisions.

13. Materialism/Acquisitiveness •Material goods are seen as the just rewards of hard work

Result: U.S. Americans can be seen as caring more for things than people or relationships.

Questions to Ask?Knowing your values will help you understand how you react to others and situations around you. And, how they affect your attitude and behavior.

Gender•How many friends do I have from the opposite sex or from the LBGT community?•If I was a different gender or LBGT how might life be different?

Culture•What culture do I identify with?•What do I like and dislike about my culture and traditions?•What other cultures interest me?

Religion•What is my religion? Do I believe in it?•How does my religion influence my life?•Am I spiritual? Agnostic? Atheist?

Language•What is my first language?•If English is new for your, how do you feel about learning and speaking it?

General •What political party do I support? •What are my views on abortion? Gun control? Legalizing drugs? Death penalty? Voluntary euthanasia?

What are beliefs?

• Beliefs are assumptions or convictions you hold as true about something, concept or person.

• Beliefs are like a traffic control system; they are signs giving direction, meaning, and purpose to our lives.

• Beliefs become the base and bridge over to our behaviors.

• Pre-existing beliefs;

What is Attitude?

• Collection of one’s opinions, prejudices, and sentiments. • Learning occurs from different experiences or a powerful

emotional experience.• An attitudes is our tendency to evaluate some symbol,

object, or aspect of the world:• Attitude ends up as a positive or negative

• Once formed, is not easily changed.

What is Behavior?

• Behavior is the result of a person’s values, attitude and beliefs.

• Behavior is the action or reaction to a situation, group, or person.

We affect each other with our attitude.

How to have an Attitude.(wikihow.com/Have-an-Attitude)

1. Be assertive – Be dominate and make sure your behavior can’t be ignored. (Go against trends, act better than others, be stubborn.)

2. Ignore consequence – Ignore what you don’t want to deal with and dismiss anything except what you want to do.

3. Question authority – Part of an attitude is questioning the people who have to power to make you do things you don’t want. (Always disobey rules; push boundaries – how far can you push others.)4. Cultivate an air of disinterest – Coping an attitude means not giving a single care about other people. Use “yeah, whatever” when someone else is talking, text or use your cellphone when you have been asked not to. (Especially with authority figures and parents.)


4. Dress the part – Wear t-shirts, hats, and other clothing that have inappropriate slogans or is dirty or ripped. Dress down on purpose, just to piss people off.

5. Say whatever comes into your head – Don’t filter the things you say. If you’re rude, so what? (Point out others mistakes - especially adults like your parents or your teacher. If a friend is acting dumb, call them an idiot.)


• 5. Use the right body language – Body language is perfect way to communicate how your feel.

• Cross your arms across your chest.• Roll your eyes, scowl, frown, glare or just look neutral. • Don’t make eye contact or too much.• Slam doors and make angry noise, or play loud angry

music.


How to improve your attitude.

• Learn how to train your mind at times you’re feeling anger, down and/or negative. (Meditate, pray, give yourself 10 seconds before your respond, don’t judge, or assume.)

• Don’t compare yourself to others. (It will make your bitter or vain.) • Have empathy for others.

Empathy vs. sympathy• Empathy - When you understand and feel another’s feelings for yourself.

Example: Hearing a tragic news story makes you feel almost as if the story concerns you personally, you have the ability to empathize.

• Sympathize - You have compassion for another persons, cause or point of view, but you don’t necessarily feel her feelings. Example: For instance, if your feelings toward someone who is experiencing hardship are limited to sympathy, then you might have a sense of regret for that person’s difficulty but are not feeling her feelings as if they’re your own.

How to improve your attitude.

• Learn effective ways of dealing with challenges that you feel are unfair or problematic.

• Use body language and facial expressions that convey concern/respect.

• Don’t dismiss people, talk over them, or ignore them.

• Use the nonviolent communication process.

The Interpersonal ImperativeWhy We Communicate?

1) Develop Identities (Who am I?)

2) Establish and build relationships (What groups do I want to be in?)

3) Coordinate efforts with others (School, job, sports, hobbies, events, etc.)

4) Have impact on issues that matter (Lead, persuade, influence, compete, etc.)

5) Work out problems (Daily event)

Levels of CommunicationIINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICAITON

• One-on-one communication (Dyad)• Putting what we think, feel and behavior into

communication (verbal and nonverbal)• What we say will be interpreted (and may or may not

be understood) by the receiver

• Success of communication depends on (culture, past history, self-concept, education, life experience, and comfort with the communication process)

• A person(s) who has reason for speaking.• An audience that gives the speaker attention.• A message that is meant to accomplish a specific purpose. (Inform,

Persuade, Entertain, Eulogy, Toast, etc. )• A Speaker is usually responsible for their own words (Speech writers

help professional, political, and civic leaders) • Effective public speaking is learned and involves specific skills to

influence.

Levels of CommunicationPublic Speaking

Organizational Communication involves all levels of communication.Organizations include:• Profit making businesses – Self sufficient – sell goods and services. • Political organizations – Distribute power and control of society.

(Federal and location government, police and military and financial institutions.

• Organizations designed to help solve social problems – (Legal system, consumer advocacy, political parties, public interest groups.)

• Organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development. (Schools, religious organizations, health care)

• Other: Gangs, Mafia, Cartels, etc.

Levels of CommunicationOrganizational Communication

Levels of CommunicationMass Communication

• Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time.

• These mediums channels are used for disseminating information, news and advertising: Newspaper, magazines, direct-mail, newsletters, books, etc. Television (Cable, Satellite, Over the Air)Radio (AM/FM, Satellite, Online)FilmsInternet (Email, Tweeter, Instagram, Facebook, HULU, YouTube, My Space)Handheld Devices – Text messaging, and all the applications that can be accessedSkype – Users who share can do phone calls, meeting

One of the most important forms of communication

Intercultural Communication The process of exchanging meaningful and clear

information across cultural boundaries, in a way that preserves mutual respect and minimizes antagonism.

Western Culture includes: • Gender, age, ethnicity, group social class, spiritual commitments, sexual orientation, and abilities. • Shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values,

expectations, and norms of behavior.

Levels of CommunicationIntercultural Communication

Elements of IPC

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1. Source – Receiver – Source (formulates and sends messages) – receiver (perceives and comprehends messages) – Performed by at least two communicators.

The ability to communicate effectively depends on: • Interpersonal Competence –knowledge of appropriate

behavior in context with others.• Rules of nonverbal behavior – Understands appropriate

touching, vocal volume and physical closeness.

Elements of IPC cont.

2. Encoding – decoding – Encoding is the act of producing a message (speaking or writing). Decoding is the act of listening or reading the message.

Tip: For successful communication to take place message must be encoded and decoded.

Things to consider: people who may have hearing challenges, medical issues, introvert/extrovert, emotional.


3. Messages – signals that serve as stimuli for a receiver and are received by our senses:•Auditory (hearing)•Tactile (touching)•Olfactory (smelling)•Gustatory (tasting) •Or, combination of senses

Other: Clothes, the way you walk, shake hands, tilt your head, color of phones, tattoos, jewelry etc., all send interpersonal messages about how you feel and think.


4. Metamessages – Underlying Messages about the message – in everyday communication.

Verbal Examples: •Do you understand?•Did I say it right?•What did you say?•Is it fair to say….? •The tone of voice, etc. c

can affect the message


4. Metamessages continued

Nonverbal Feedback – Tells speaker what effect she or he is having on the listener – Changes will be made depending on speakers understanding. •Not always easy to identify•Can come from self or others

Feed forward – Information you provide before sending your primary message –

A preview such as:•Email subject meaning, introduction to book, etc. •Verbal – “Hey let’s talk” or “You better sit down for this”


5. Channels – is the medium through which the messages pass. (the bridge connecting source and receiver) or the means of communication.

Communication doesn’t happen on one channel:•Face to face – Gestural- visual channel•Gestures – Gestural- visual channel•Odors and smell – Chemical-olfactory channel•Touch – Cutaneous-tactile channel•Media (newspapers, YOUTUBE, television, radio, audio, video files in the same message)

Elements of IPC (cont.)

6. NOISE (or distractions)! 1) Physiological – hunger, fatigue, headaches, medications

2) Physical – Interference in environment – Lawn mowers, students in hallway, lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures

3) Psychological – Qualities in us – Preoccupied with problems, prejudice and defense feelings, anger, & our NEEDS may determine how we perceive communication with others

4) Semantic – Words/meaning not understood (jargon, technical terms, slang, or more)

Question: As an effective communicator how can you deal with these?

Elements of IPC (cont.)

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7. Context or environment that influences the form and content of the message.

Physical dimension – Where communication takes place (Face to Face, over the phone, online)

Temporal dimension – Time of day and moment in history; and where the message fits in the sequence of communication.

Social-psychological dimension – Status, roles, games people play, norms of groups or society – The formal or informal communication.

Cultural dimension – Cultural beliefs and customs of the people communicating. The author “ You lose more information in an intercultural situation” (50%).

Chart - 10 as the most intimate communication to 1 as the least intimate.

Communication in the most intimate range involves visual or auditory interaction, whereas the least intimate forms lack this.

What is your opinion?

IP Communication Exists on a Continuum– (Pg. 19 – 20)

• Created by Jewish philosopher Martin Buber’s I and Thou (1923) presents a philosophy of personal dialogue, in that it describes how personal dialogue can define the nature of reality.

• Buber’s major theme is that human existence may be defined by the way in which we engage in dialogue with each other, with the world, and with God (Represented as abstract and eternal rather then as a person.)

• Buber distinguished levels of communication from impersonal (I – It) to (I-You) and interpersonal ( I-Thou)

A Communication Continuum

I-It Communication – Impersonal • Individual treats other things, people, etc., as objects to be used

and experienced.

• Essentially, this form of objectivity relates to the world in terms of the self - how an object can serve the individual’s interest.

• Examples: Salespeople, clerical staff, restaurant staff, or or homeless people, etc.

• Other: Dysfunctional families, parents may treat children as “its,” as will alcoholics' or drug addicts.

• Communication Tip: Service Industry people trained to touch others (I-You) to humanize relationships/bigger tip


I-You communication People acknowledge others as more than

objects.• People have dialogues, but are not fully engaged. • People relate from the “roles” they play (Store

clerks, classmates, team, people with common interests, milatary, prison guard, prisoner, Professor/student, workplace.)

• People are not treated as “unique.”• We are not fully engaged, nor do we share

personal or deep dialogue.


I-Thou communication – Highest form of human dialogue with others and God

• Individuals treat each other as cherished and unique.• We trust each other to be ourselves- free of judgement.• Only in I-Thou relationships can we become human.

• According to Buber, to create I-Thou relationship with God, a person has to be open to the idea of such a relationship.

• Buber argued that human life consists of an oscillation between I -It and I-You, and that in fact I-Thou experiences are rather few and far between.

“I see You” – Avatar – derived from Namaste

In Class Exercise

• I-it, I-You; and I-Thou (In course handout)

Social connections and happiness

• Close, loving relationships are crucial to well-being and happiness• We feel safe and supported• We are able to explore our world • A place to work through childhood issues (Harville Hendrix)Characteristics of close relationships:• The ability to love and be loved• Mutual understanding• Caring• A source of direct help in times of trouble• Celebration of good times• Validation of self-worth• Security• A diversity of ideas and influences to help us grow and learn• Fun

Happiness, by Ed Diener and Robert Biswas-Diener

•Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.•Born: April 1, 1908, Brooklyn, New York City, NY•Died: June 8, 1970, Menlo Park, CA

•urged people to acknowledge their basic needs before addressing higher needs and ultimately self-actualization.

•Maslow described human needs as being relatively fluid—with many needs being present in a person simultaneously.

Class Discussion:•Consider where people around you are on the Hierarchy of Needs?•Consider where you are?•How can being empathic about how people are feeling at the different need levels, help you be a more effective communicator?

Maslow - General Overview

MASLOW’S NEED HIERACHYCommunication is the foundation in which parents, care takers,

friends, families, etc. help or hinder meeting these needs.

Survival Needs1.Physiological – People band together to survive. Co-ops are formed to make large purchases of food and other items. Limited partnerships may be created to purchase a house or car. 2.Safety – Neighborhood watch groups. A union at one’s workplace to obtain a level of security. Joining a group health plan also fulfill this need.Emotional Needs1.Belonging or Love -- People often join groups to receive affection and comfort from others if there is not a family, friend or lover. 2.Self-esteem – A person’s prestige may be enhanced by a membership in a certain group, team, club, organization (a fraternity, sorority, sports club)Reaching full potential Need� Self – actualization – Groups have a mission to help reach your full potential. (consciousness raising organizations, networking groups, toastmasters, scientology)

Self Actualization – Peak Experience

Metamotivation•Maslow - self-actualized people who are driven by innate forces beyond their basic needs, so that they may explore and reach their full human potential.

Peak experiences •Profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture during which a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient and yet a part of the world•Older women who go through menopause report that they are more aware of truth, justice, harmony, and equability. •These “peak experiences” or states of flow are the reflections of the realization of one’s human potential and represent the height of personality development.

The Internet – More important that basic needs?

• An individual must be able to connect in order to achieve enhancement of social and cultural capital as well as achieve mass economic gains in productivity.

• Therefore, access is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for overcoming the digital divide

• Knowledge is power – If you don’t have it…what happens?• Censorship, no power to access the internet – Is this right?

Interpersonal Needs Theory

Psychologist - William Schultz

Our ability to create and sustain relationships depends on how well our these basic needs are met.

1) Affection - Desire to give and receive love and liking, and emotional warmth and closeness.

2) Inclusion - Desire to be social and included in groups. Groups can accept you, respect you, and offer a place to belong.

3) Control - Desired to influence people and events in our lives. Groups can offer status and power, and a place to influence and earn prestige.

Fulfilling our Interpersonal Needs

All needs have three components:

1.Express – Pro-Active– We express ways or behave in ways to fulfill our needs.

2.Want - In Active – We want others to behave towards us. We wait and often needs aren’t met.

3.Ideal – The goldilocks people understand not all needs can be met. Will be patient or have other groups to fulfill needs.

How to achieve Inclusion?

• Express: Call or text a friend, reach out to others, plan things. Example: Ask permission to join a conversation.

• Want: We wait for others to text or call us, reach out to us.

• Ideal: We reach out, if we want…and we are ok if people don’t always reach out.

Schutz’s FIRO Theory

• Express: The extent to which we control others’ actions’. We like to make decisions and want others to do what we want.

• Want: We want others to guide us (What to have for dinner, What movie to go to, driving, etc.) Can be out of weakness.

• Ideal: You give and take. You don’t always need to control and enjoy having others be part of decisions. You know when to control and when to let others.

ControlHow to Achieve

Schutz’s IRO Theory

AffectionHow to Achieve

• Express: You express affection by smiling, prolonged eye contact, or giving compliments. Over personal – Too much touching, hugging etc.

• Want: Wanting affection from others, wanting compliments from others. Covert – hinting at gifts, or invitations. Asking do you like this….dress, purse, etc.

• Ideal - Appropriately Personal: Are ok with what people want to do, and are proactive when the situation is appropriate.

Schutz’s FIRO Theory

How do you apply Shut’s theory?

Q: How can understanding Shutz’s FIRO Theory help you understand yourself? Help you understand others?

Features of Interpersonal Communication

1. Selective – We select who and to what depth we communicate.

• Mostly we neither want nor need to communicate at a I-You or I-thou level.

• Why? They can take more time one has or wants to communicate.

Question: Under what circumstances might we not want to go beyond an I-It dialogue?


2. Systemic

• Communication is embedded in multiple systems (this course, our relationship, our college, the American Society)

• Systems affect what communication means and involves (the system, situation, time, people, culture, personal histories)


4. Unique – Relationship that goes beyond social role is special

and irreplaceable. • Each relationship can add “value.” • Relationships can fulfill different needs.• Each relationship has different patterns, rhythms,

and even special vocabulary.

Question: What are some examples of your unique relationships?

5) Processual•Communication is ongoing.•Communications evolves over time.•Relationships can improve or decline.•Communication is linked to the past and future.Tip: We can’t deleteor rewind what we say.


4) Transactional•Communication is an exchange of verbal/nonverbal communication.•In interpersonal exchanges in communication is simultaneous and continuous. •Communicators share responsibility for effectiveness.Problems: Misunderstandings in email, online communication, texting, etc. •Feedback delayed•Lack of inflection and nonverbal behavior


5) Personal Knowledge

•Fosters personal knowledge and insights about others.

•Shared experiences that provide more information.

•Personal knowledge is a process that grows and build over time.

Ethical dimension: Information can be used to hurt others.


“What we have here

is a failure to Communicate.”~ Cool Hand Luke – Movie with Paul Newman

• Me – to – ism – such as “That’s nothing, let me tell you what happened to me.” (This minimizes the other and speakers feels unheard.)

• Moralizing, preaching, being judgmental - (Differences are part of life, set aside judgment to understand what others are saying.)

• Asking a direct question to satisfy curiosity – (This is often offensive. Patience…people will share when and if they are ready.)

• Giving unsolicited advice – (Ask first or wait to be asked)• Consolation comments, such as “It’s going to be all right.” It might not

be. • Arguing or disagreeing with the speaker - (Depending on the topic…

most arguments of over values (right or wrong) and beliefs(good or bad)…pick your battle.)

• Analyzing or interrupting - (Allow others to finish their thoughts. Save analyze for others or a later time.)

Blocks to Effective Communication

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence1) Develop a range of skills – It’s all about our

intention (our goals) and context (appropriate communication, language and non verbal communication, for different situations and people)

Examples:

Intention: To comfort, explain an idea, persuade someone to change their behavior

Context: Out partying with friends, asking an instructor to change your grade, in a classroom, with parents, at work

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence

• What tools would you need to comfort someone? (to soothe, comfortable, compassion, openness)

• To engage constructively in conflict? (Be an active listener, create supportive climate, look for win/win scenarios)

• To support a friend who is depressed? (affirm the person, demonstrate care, encourage, no judging)

• To build good work relationships? (Be supportive, be a team player, express ourselves clearly, listen)


2) Adapt Communication Appropriately• Your Intention: To comfort, explain an idea,

persuade someone to change their behavior• The context influences (when, where, how, and

about what to communicate)• Adapt what you say to particular people – I-it,

I-You; and I-thou• Person-centeredness – Adapt messages to

particular people (sensitive to goals, contexts, and other people)



3) Engage in Dual Perspective• Understanding our own and another’s perspective (How they think and

feel about issues…not always easy.)• Engage in genuine dialogue. (Like sports, music or cooking – it takes

skills and practice and be great.)• Don’t be EGOCENTRIC (People who impose their perceptions on

others and believe that others should do and handle things the way they do.)

Guidelines, or questions to ask: • Do you have a tendency to see things from your perspective?• Do you listen closely to others thoughts and feelings?• Do you ask others to explain how they feel, what something means to

them, or how they view a situation. Asking a questions for more detail. And, most important acting appropriately to the situation.

Perspective Taking

Instead of

Let me tell you what I think

Try saying

Let me state what I hear you saying

I’ve made up my mind Before I make my decision, would you explain how you see this issue?

You just don’t get it do you?

Help me understand what you mean

Guidelines to Effective Communication

3) Commit to Effective and Ethical Communication• Respect yourself and your opinions - Know you!• Respect others as unique (no stereotypes or grouping as a

member of a group - men, co-workers, administrators, the government, meat eaters, etc.)

• Be committed to the communication process -(It is interactive, takes time, and things don’t always go as we planned. Look for win/win scenarios, and, remember sometimes its OK to walk away.

• To see the forest for the trees - If someone can't see the forest for its trees, they are too focused on specific details to see the picture as a whole.

4) Monitor Your Communication – The ability to observe and regulate your own communication

Before

What is your intention and goal?

What are your triggers?

How high are the stakes? (Ask another how they would approach the situation?)

During

Stay alert, edit thoughts, be open and listen

After

Evaluate, save emails/texts to look at later, discuss with another for their opinion of how you handled the discussion


5) Commit to Effective and Ethical Communication• Respect yourself and your opinions – Know you!• Respect others as unique (no stereotypes or grouping as a

member of a group – men, co-workers, administrators, the government, meat eaters, etc.)

• Be committed to the communication process (It is interactive, takes time, and things don’t always go as we planned. And, look for win/win scenarios.)

• And, remember sometimes its OK to walk away

• To see the forest for the trees - If someone can't see the forest for its trees, they are too focused on specific details to see the picture as a whole.
