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11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated
6 million Jews6 million Jews5 million people 5 million people
1933 - 19451933 - 1945
They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…
Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,
sho'ah) sho'ah) which which originally meant a originally meant a sacrifice totally burned sacrifice totally burned by fire by fire
the annihilation of the the annihilation of the Jews and other groups Jews and other groups of people of Europe of people of Europe under the Nazi regime under the Nazi regime during World War IIduring World War II
GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group
Cold Hard FactsCold Hard FactsCasualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed
91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed
Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 000 pounds of human hair. But only
7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners
How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?
The Power of WordsThe Power of Words The Stages of The Stages of
IsolationIsolation The Bystander The Bystander
versusversusthe Collaboratorthe Collaborator
Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small
one”one”
““How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”
The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”
The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”Jew”
What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?
All Quotes of Adolf All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…Hitler…
European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340
Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Survivors of Holocaust:
3,546,2113,546,211
The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression The Holocaust was a progression
of actionsof actionsleading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of
millions by:millions by:
1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights
2: Segregation2: Segregation
3: Concentration3: Concentration
4: Extermination4: Extermination
Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all
JEWS were :JEWS were :
stripped of German stripped of German citizenship citizenship
fired from jobs & fired from jobs & businesses boycotted businesses boycotted
banned from German banned from German schools and universitiesschools and universities
Marriages between Marriages between Jews and Aryans Jews and Aryans forbiddenforbidden
Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that 1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that
all JEWS were :all JEWS were :
Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a Passports stamped with a
“J”“J” forced to wear the arm forced to wear the arm
band of the Yellow “Star band of the Yellow “Star of David”of David”
Jewish synagogues Jewish synagogues destroyeddestroyed
forced to pay reparations forced to pay reparations and a special income taxand a special income tax
Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List“Whoever saves one life, saves the “Whoever saves one life, saves the
world entire”world entire”•Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German businessman who becomes greedy German businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric unlikely humanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story of Oskar Schindler who the true story of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews from managed to save about 1100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. A testament for the concentration camp. A testament for the good in all of us.good in all of us.
•Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 minmin
Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to Jews were forced to
live in designated live in designated areas called “ghettos” areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from to isolate them from the rest of societythe rest of society
Nazis established 356 Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII
Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS
Ghettos were filthy, with Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and poor sanitation and extreme overcrowdingextreme overcrowding
Disease was rampant Disease was rampant and food was in such and food was in such short supply that many short supply that many slowly starved to death slowly starved to death
Warsaw, the largest Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizesquare miles in size
Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for
deportation to concentration & death campsdeportation to concentration & death camps
Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30
(train)(train) Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of
Ghetto)- 17 minGhetto)- 17 min
Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps
essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)Communists, homosexuals, opponents)
Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient
transportation transportation
Life in the Life in the CampsCamps
possessions possessions were were confiscatedconfiscated
heads were heads were shavedshaved
arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison Prison
uniformsuniforms Men, women Men, women
and children and children were were separated separated
Life in the Life in the CampsCamps
Survival Survival based on based on trade skills / trade skills / physical physical strength strength
Unsanitary, Unsanitary, disease disease ridden and ridden and lice infested lice infested barracks barracks
inhumane inhumane medical medical experimentsexperiments
Schindler’s ListSchindler’s ListClip 4: Chapter 17 Clip 4: Chapter 17
(concentration camps / (concentration camps / factory)- 4 minfactory)- 4 min
Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination Einsatzgruppen
(mobile killing (mobile killing units) had began units) had began killing operations killing operations aimed at entire aimed at entire Jewish communities Jewish communities in the 1930sin the 1930s
DEATH DEATH FACTORIESFACTORIES: Nazi : Nazi extermination extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder
Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination
EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: Nazi program: Nazi policy to policy to eliminate “life eliminate “life unworthy of unworthy of life” (mentally life” (mentally or physically or physically challenged) to challenged) to promote Aryan promote Aryan “racial “racial integrity”integrity”
“ “FINAL FINAL SOLUTION”SOLUTION”
Wannsee Wannsee
Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the “complete “complete solution of the solution of the Jewish Jewish question”question”
called for the called for the complete and complete and mass mass annihilation and annihilation and exterminationextermination of the Jews as of the Jews as well as other well as other groups groups
Zyklon B gas Zyklon B gas became the became the agent in the agent in the mass mass exterminationextermination
Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums
Prisoners were sent to Prisoners were sent to gas chambers gas chambers disguised as showersdisguised as showers
Zyklon B gas used to Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 gas people in 3 – 15 minutesminutes
Up to 8000 people Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death the largest death camp with 4 operating camp with 4 operating gas chambersgas chambers
Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums
Gold fillings Gold fillings from victims from victims teeth were teeth were melted down to melted down to make gold bardsmake gold bards
Prisoners moved Prisoners moved dead bodies to dead bodies to massive massive crematoriums crematoriums
Schindler’s ListSchindler’s ListClip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3
minminClip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44
(disc 2)- 4 min(disc 2)- 4 minClip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)
Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War
By 1945, the By 1945, the Nazis’ began to Nazis’ began to destroy destroy crematoriums crematoriums and camps as and camps as Allied troops Allied troops closed inclosed in
Death Marches Death Marches (Todesmarsche):(Todesmarsche): Between 1944-Between 1944-1945, Nazis 1945, Nazis ordered marches ordered marches over long over long distances. distances. Approximately Approximately 250 000 – 375 250 000 – 375 000 prisoners 000 prisoners perished in Death perished in Death MarchesMarches
Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War
On January On January 27, 1945, the 27, 1945, the Soviet army Soviet army entered entered Auschwitz Auschwitz (largest camp) (largest camp) and liberated and liberated more than more than 7,000 7,000 remaining remaining prisoners, who prisoners, who were mostly ill were mostly ill and dying. and dying.
Nazis confiscated property of Nazis confiscated property of prisoners in storerooms nicknamed prisoners in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the sheer amount “Kanada” because the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawith the riches of Canada
Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?
• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)
Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?
•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.
Holocaust Holocaust
ArtArt
AftermathAftermath Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah: :
Holocaust Holocaust Remembrance Day Remembrance Day established in 1951established in 1951
Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: : 1945-1949 were trials 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)leaders tried)
Displaced PersonsDisplaced Persons Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism in the in the
world todayworld today