Journal of Construction Engineering Technology & Management vol 6 issue 3

ISSN 2249-4723 (Online)

ISSN 2347-7253 (Print)

Journal of Construction

Engineering

Technology & Management

(JoCETM)

September–December 2016

SJIF: 4.404

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

STM Journals, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private Ltd. (established 2006), was

launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory Board

Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives:

Promotion of Scientific, Technical and Medical research.

Publication of Original Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through

Peer Review process.

Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

Preparing online platform for print journals.

Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical

and Medical domains.

Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects in the category of Nanotechnology,

Scientific and Technical Writing, and Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features:

A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical and Medical domains.

Employs Open Journals System (OJS)—a journal management and publishing system.

The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad

for its quality and coverage.

Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal

acceptance/finalization.

Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology and ManagementISSN: 2249-4723 (online), ISSN: 2347-7253 (print)

Focus and Scope Covers

Planning and Management of the Construction of Structures

Design of Temporary Structures

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Building and Site Layout Surveys

On Site Material Testing

Safety Engineering, Materials Procurement, Budgeting & Cost Engineering

Concrete Mix Design

Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management is published (frequency: three times a year) in

India by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles

do not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored

products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products

mentioned in this publication.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written

permission of the publisher.

To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the

beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals ([email protected])

STM Journals

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office

No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal.

Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM

Journals unless so stated.

Subscription Information and Order:

National Subscription:

Print - Rs 3750/- per Journal ( includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase: Rs 1500.

Online - Rs 3750/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 online issues), Single Issue purchase: Rs 1500

inclusive Service Tax

Print + Online - Rs 5000/- per Journal inclusive Service Tax ( includes 3 print & online issues).

International Subscription:

Online Only- $199, Print Only-$299 (includes 3 print issues)

Online + Print-$399 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at [email protected]

Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside of India includes delivery. Prices subject to change without notice.

Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of

Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi.

Online Access Policy

A). For Authors:

In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access

Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at

nominal cost as follows

India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal.

B). For Subscribers:

Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber.

The access will be blocked:

If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking.

Due to technical issue.

Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent

media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars

etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each

published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are

also very welcome.

Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues:

Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency.

Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends.

Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored.

Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id.

Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes

All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication

Management Team: [email protected]; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Gargi Asha Jha

Manager (Publications)

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Internal Members

External Members

Bimlesh Lochab

Assistant Professor

Department of Chemistry

School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University

Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash

Professor and Coordinator

School of Materials Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Assistant Professor

Department of Applied Chemistry

BIT Mesra, Patna,

Bihar, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu

Alternative Energy and Nanotechnology Technology

Laboratory, Department of Physics

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai

Tamil Nadu, India

Himani Pandey

Isha Chandra

Senior Associate Editors

Dr. Yog Raj Sood

Dean (Planning and Development)

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Himachal Pradesh, India

Prof. Chris Cannings

Professor, School of Mathematics and Statistics

University of Sheffield,

Sheffield

United Kingdom

Dr. D. K. Vijaykumar

MS, MCh (Surgical Oncology), Professor and

Head Department of Surgical Oncology

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India

Dr. Durgadas Naik

Associate Professor (Microbiology)

Management and Science University,

University Drive, Seksyen13

Selangor, Malaysia

Prof. José María Luna Ariza

Department of Computer Sciences and

Numerical Analysis

Campus of Rabanales

University of Córdoba, Spain

Dr. Khaiser Nikam

Professor, Library and Information Science

Department of Library and Information Science

University of Mysore

Mysore, India

Quaisher J Hossain

Senior Editor

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing DirectorCELNET, Delhi, India

Meenakshi Tripathi

Shivani Sharma

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra

Director

Shambhavi Mishra

Associate Editors

Sugandha Mishra

Prof. Priyavrat TharejaDirector Principal

Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology

Punjab, India

Dr. Baldev RajDirector, National Institute of Advanced Studies

Indian Institute of Science campus Bangalore

Karnataka, India

Former Director

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,

Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Pankaj PoddarSenior Scientist

Physical and Materials Chemistry Division,National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, Maharastra India

Prof. D. N. RaoProfessor and Head

Department of BiochemistryAll India Institute of Medical Sciences

New Delhi, India

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee SinghAdditional Professor

National Brain Research CentreManesar, Gurgaon

Haryana, India

Dr. Ashish RunthalaLecturer, Biological Sciences Group

Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, Rajasthan,

India

Dr. Bankim Chandra RayProfessor and Ex-Head of the Department

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao GhugalProfessor and Head

Department of Applied MechanicsGovernment College of Engineering

Vidyanagar, Karad Maharashtra, India

Dr. Hardev Singh VirkVisiting Professor, Department of Physics

University of SGGS World UniversityFatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,

IndiaFormer Director Research

DAV Institute of Engineering and TechnologyJallandhar, India

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan DhootSenior Research Scientist, Reliance Industries Limited, Mumbai, India

Former Head (Research and Development)Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd., MIT Campus

Beed Bypass Road, Aurangabad Maharashtra, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Dr. Rakesh KumarAssistant Professor

Department of Applied ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology

Patna, Bihar, India

Prof. Subash Chandra MishraProfessor

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

National Institute of Technology, RourkelaOdisha, India

Dr. Shankargouda PatilAssistant Professor

Department of Oral PathologyKLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Prof. Sundara RamaprabhuProfessor

Department of PhysicsIndian Institute of Technology Madras

Chennai, Tamil Nadu India

Dr. Baskar KaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor

Department of Civil EngineeringNational Institute of Technology, Trichy

Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

STM JOURNALS

ADVISORY BOARD

Editorial Board

Ammar Frederick Al-BaziCoventry University,

United Kingdom.

Bibhuti Bhusan DasSr. Associate Professor, National

Institute of Construction Management and Research (NICMAR) Goa Campus Ponda,

Goa, India.

S. P. AgrawalChief Scientist & Adviser

Central Building Research Institute Roorkee, India.

Yogesh K. GargDepartment of Architecture and Planning

MANIT, Bhopal.

Rajindra Kumar PanditProfessor, Madhav Institute of Technology

& Science, Gwalior 474005, India.

BaskarKaliyamoorthyAssociate Professor, Department of Civil

Engineering, National Institute of Technology Trichy-620015 India.

S. K. SinghPrincipal Scientist, Structural Engg. Group & AssociateProfessor, AcSIR,

CSIR-Central Building Research Institute Roorkee,(Uttarakhand), India.

Ajay ChourasiaPrincipal Scientist CSIR-Central

Building Research Institute Roorkee, India.

Harpal SinghCentral Building Research Institute,

Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Pradeep Kumar Singh ChauhanCSIR-Central Building Research

Institution Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Neeraj JainScientist, Central Building

Research Institute, Roorkee, India.

P. C. ThapliyalPrincipal Scientist,

Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, India.

Editorial Board

Ashok KumarSenior Principal Scientist & Head

(Architecture & Planning Group) & Professor AcSIR, CSIR- Central Building

Research Institute, Roorkee.

Dr. Mridul GargSr. Principal Scientist, Environmental S & T

Division CSIR- Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, India

Gulbin Ozcan-DenizAssistant Professor College

of Architecture and the Built Environment Construction Management, Philadelphia

University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Javad Majrouhi Sardroud Assistant Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering, Azad University Central Tehran Branch,

Iran

Dr Sukhdeo KaradePrincipal Scientist and Co-ordinator

(AcSIR), CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee and AcSIR, India

It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Construction

Engineering, Technology and Management, 2016. The intension of JoCETM is to create an

atmosphere that stimulates vision, research and growth in the area of Construction Engineering,

Technology and Management.

Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and

readers have been the hallmark of our journals. STM Journals provide a platform for scholarly

research articles to be published in journals of international standards. STM journals strive to publish

quality paper in record time, making it a leader in service and business offerings.

The aim and scope of STM Journals is to provide an academic medium and an important reference

for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching

and research in all the Science, Technology and Medical domains.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to our Editorial/ Reviewer board, Authors and publication

team for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of

authoring writeups/reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the

journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish

quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Managing Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Reliability of Preliminary Cost Estimates of Educational Building Projects in a Developing Economy Arijeloye, Bamidele Temitope, Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie, Adegbembo, Taiwo Fadeke 1

2. Bamboo as Reinforcement Material in Concrete Structures: A Review Akshat Dimri, Gaurav Sharma, Anshul Sheokand 11

3. Experimental Analysis of Filler Slab Using Self Compacting ConcreteG. Ramya, S. Sundari, S. Sukumar 15

4. Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Steel Embedded in Reinforced ConcreteAshutosh S. Trivedi, R.P. Sharma 25

5. Analysis and Design of Cantilevered Steel False Work Systems Subjected to Earthquake LoadsMohamed Mohamed Salah El-Din Darwish, Ahmed Hatem Romaih, Sama Tarek Taha, Khaled Nassar 35

6. Building Material Selection Ideology for Sustainability in IndiaTanima Shrivastava, Ashish Choudhary 48

7. Flood Resistant HousesSubhan Ahmad, Mohammad Kamil Khan, Mohd. Saqib 54

8. Use of Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Mix Used as White ToppingBorde Pratik Sanjay, Nirkhe Saurabh P. 57

9. Use of Steel Slag in Fly Ash Based Concrete for White ToppingR. S. Patil 63

10.Understanding Quality in ConstructionUjjwal Prabhakar, Purnima Bajpai 70

ContentsJournal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management

JoCETM (2016) 1-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management ISSN: 2249-4723(online), ISSN: 2347-7253(print)

Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Reliability of Preliminary Cost Estimates of Educational Building Projects in a Developing Economy

Arijeloye, Bamidele Temitope, Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie*, Adegbembo, Taiwo Fadeke

Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Abstract This study focused on the reliability of preliminary cost estimates of educational building projects in Nigeria with a view to providing more reliable cost estimates and reducing the number of abandoned educational building projects caused by faulty preliminary estimates. Using a case study approach, a total of 33 completed educational building projects were assessed and 31 construction professionals (Quantity Surveyors and Architects) formed the secondary population of the study. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, relative importance index, paired sample t-test, effect size and variance ratio. The study revealed that approximate quantities is the most commonly used method for preparing preliminary cost estimate of educational building projects while there exist a significant difference between the preliminary cost estimate and final cost of construction of educational building projects. Despite this difference, the preliminary cost estimate is still reliable as a considerable level of accuracy was discovered. The major factors affecting the reliability of preliminary cost estimate are variation due to changes in design and specification, experience of the estimator and site condition. The study therefore recommends that care should be taken when carrying out preliminary estimate and estimating should be done by professional with experience in such area. During construction, all works should be carried out according to specification in order to avoid deviation from initial plan and estimate. Keywords: Nigeria, preliminary cost estimates, final construction cost, educational buildings

INTRODUCTION Like every other developing country around the world, the Federal Government of Nigeria is a major contributor to the educational sector with several amounts being expended on infrastructures especially in the tertiary institutions. Unfortunately, most of the projects being carried out are either left uncompleted or completed above budget and below standard due to lack of adequate funds among other reasons [1–3]. This unhealthy situation can be associated with poor initial estimate carried out from the onset, as a low initial estimate will result to a low initial budget, thereby leading to lack of fund to complete such projects. The reliability of construction cost estimates has always been an issue in the construction industry. The wide gap between construction estimates and final cost of construction has become a major concern for most professionals as most of them have lost their credibility before their clients as a result [4].

Estimating according to Akintoye [5] is a way of trying to predict cost required for the completion of a particular project. This implies that estimating is a process of premeditated guessing through looking into the future costs of a project before work on it begins and according to True [6] it is not an exact science. Errors abound and the reliability of an estimate is always in question, most especially when the final cost of completing a project deviates far from the estimated cost. The essence of acquiring a budget estimate at the early stage of a project is for a client to be able to manage and forecast his intended financial commitment, as this gives him a view of what the project would cost even before extensive work on the design is done [7]. In other words, estimates provide the basis for client’s funding arrangements, budgeting and control of construction costs [8]. Hence, its reliability is important as a high estimate may be discouraging and a low one may lead




Bamboo as Reinforcement Material in Concrete Structures: A Review

Akshat Dimri*, Gaurav Sharma, Anshul Sheokand

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

Abstract Bamboo is considered to be important building material throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical areas. It is mainly used for housing purposes in rural areas. Bamboo has high strength and low weight, and can be easily worked using simple tools. It is widely recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to the high socio-economic benefits from bamboo based products. It can replace rebar in certain concrete applications, used as pins in straw-bale construction, to create trusses and other structural members, as decorative elements and has even been used as plumbing. This paper presents the various studies that deal with the use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete structures. Keywords: Bamboo, concrete, tensile strength, compressive strength

INTRODUCTION The reinforcement in cementitious materials generated considerable interest in past few years. The manufacturing technology of conventional reinforced concrete of cement and iron or steel bars coupled with its increasing costs has stimulated the interest on how other materials could be used easily in reinforcing concrete with a cheaper cost. It has been found through research that bamboo can suitably replace timber and other materials in construction and other works. A well-treated bamboo can be cost effective and can be used for production of composite materials. Some American building and construction companies prize bamboo as the strongest type of wood for construction. Also it has the properties of being the most durable, resilient and long-lasting [1]. It can be used in conjunction with steel to create mortices and tendon joints, which give a secure locking ability to a wooden frame made entirely of bamboo timbers. Bamboo houses can withstand hurricane if well-constructed. Bamboo can also be used as untreated pipe cover, as ceiling or floor trimmings, etc. The bamboo culm or stem has wide applications from domestic household products to industrial applications. It is quite common for bridges, scaffolding and housing, but it is usually used as a temporary exterior structural

material. In many overly populated regions of the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one suitable material that is sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the extensive need for economical housing. Recently different technologies have evolved which makes bamboo more useful and durable from construction point of view. Since it grows and mature fast, hence economical. LITERATURE REVIEW ON BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL There are no standardized codes for buildings of bamboo though there are attempts towards them. Bamboo is also still being looked as a way to clean environmental pollution. It consumes Nitrogen, which could soon be part of a huge effort to prevent air pollution. The various past studies carried out on bamboo as reinforcement in concrete structures are as follows. Masani studied the proper ways to utilize bamboo in construction and found that the area for bamboo reinforcement should be five times the typical steel reinforcement area. He also found that when fine cracks developed on the surface of bamboo, the load carrying capacity of the member was not reduced. The only negative properties of bamboo given were its




Experimental Analysis of Filler Slab Using Self-Compacting Concrete

G. Ramya*, S. Sundari, S. Sukumar

Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Present-day self-compacting concrete is classified as an advanced construction material. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It can flow under its weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and durability as traditional vibrated concrete. An important improvement of health and safety is achieved through elimination of handling of vibrators and a substantial reduction of environmental noise loading on and around a site. The composition of SCC mixes includes substantial proportions of fine-grained inorganic materials, and this gives possibilities for utilization of mineral admixtures, which are currently waste products with no practical applications. The primary objective of this study is to make use of the optimum percentage of fly ash in addition to cement and vary the percentage of fine aggregate in terms of total aggregate and understand its effects on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The workability of SCC increased as the percentage of fine aggregate is increased. The study also intended to find the optimum mix design ratio for the M20 grade that satisfies both the fresh and hardened properties. Slump flow, V-funnel, L-flow and compressive strength tests were carried out to examine the performance of SCC. Then the filler slab specimens were cast in different sizes and tested for their flexural behaviour, and the results compared with the theoretical values. Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, filler slab, superplasticizer, flexural behaviour

INTRODUCTION General: Self-Compacting Concrete Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a fluid concrete mixture that can consolidate under its weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in severe conditions and sections with congested and heavy reinforcement. Use of SCC can also help to minimize hearing-related damages on the worksite that developed due to vibration of concrete. SCC also reduces the time required to place large sections is considerably reduced. Advantages of SCC SCC has the following advantages: Save the cost on machinery and requires

less power. To shorten construction period. Used for lighter and more slender structure

also. To assure compaction in the structure,

especially in confined zones where compaction by vibration is difficult.

Requires less manpower and electric power, as no vibration is required.

Better adhesion between cement binder and aggregates.

Extremely suitable for slim and complicated formwork.

Improvement in durability on account of better compaction and structural performance.

To eliminate noise due to vibration. Applications of SCC SCC can be used in pre-cast industry or

for concrete placed on the site. In complicated steel reinforcement area. Construction element in high-rise

buildings. Pre-cast industry filigree construction

elements.




Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Steel Embedded in Reinforced Concrete

Ashutosh S. Trivedi*, R.P. Sharma

Department of Civil Engineering, Birsa Institute of Technology, Sindri, Jharkhand, India

Abstract Corrosion is one of the biggest problems of steel in reinforced concrete (RC) structure, which deteriorates the durability of concrete structure at a considerable rate. In this paper, we have studied the corrosion density, corrosion rate, and resistivity to a solution of 0.78 N H2SO4 with the help of electrochemical process to a temperature range of 307–309±1 K by using Stern Geary equation and Tafel slope on 12 and 8 mmϕ bar. The current work gives a deep review on the corrosion rate and weight loss caused due to sulphuric acid attack on steel embedded in concrete in existing and new infrastructure as well as building infrastructure. The result obtained shows that corrosion rate of mild steel bar of 8 mmϕ in H2SO4 is fast as compared to 12 mmϕ bar taken periodically. Keywords: Corrosion, Fe 415 mild steel, electrochemical, resistivity, corrosion rate, sulphuric acid

INTRODUCTION The RC structures are built on the land and under the water bodies. Everywhere the moisture is present in our environment in different forms. If the moisture is present in the form of acid, then it will increase the rate of corrosion and reduce the strength and life of the RC structure as shown in Figure 1. Corrosion is the result of chemical reaction between metal and its surrounding environment and can take many forms. General corrosion tends to result in a relatively uniform removal of a surface but specific features in the surface of the metal (e.g. grain boundaries, precipitates and metal/inclusion interfaces) may be preferentially or selectively attacked. The surface film covering the metal which protects it from corrosion, but the breakdown of this layer can give rise to localized corrosion attack and pitting corrosion [1]. The formation of this film in steel is almost instantaneous in an oxidizing atmosphere such as air and moisture, once the passive layer has been formed on the metal surface, the "rusting" rate will slow down to less than 0.04 mills per year (mpy) [2]. The normally alkaline environment (pH=12.0–13.5) which is provided for steel reinforcement, gives

excellent corrosion protection by forming a passive film on the steel surface. The concrete, because of its strength and resistance to penetration by fluids, also acts as a physical barrier to the access of aggressive agents and harmful compounds. Consequently, in a properly designed, built and maintained reinforced concrete structure, there may be few problems of steel corrosion during its design service life. The basic problem associated with the weakening of reinforced concrete is corrosion, i.e. rust. The formation of rust involves a substantial volume increase (a factor of about 4) which causes cracking, spalling and straining of concrete, and reduces the effective cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars and weakens the bond between reinforcement and concrete, seriously affecting the durability and the service-life of structures [3]. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the corrosion behavior on steel embedded in concrete of characteristic strength of 20 MPa in uniform concentration of 0.78 N sulphuric acid solution. This paper also emphasizes to study the alkaline solutions impact and behavior of steel corrosion pattern in a water cement ratio of 0.6 through electrochemical techniques.




Analysis and Design of Cantilevered Steel False Work Systems Subjected to Earthquake Loads

Mohamed Mohamed Salah El-Din Darwish*, Ahmed Hatem Romaih, Sama Tarek Taha,

Khaled Nassar Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

Construction of buildings with non-typical floors has been always problematic in extending the false work all over the height to support non-regular cantilevered slabs extending from upper floors. Cantilevered frames supporting formwork systems with no need for extending the false work along the height of the building have been recently designed in previous studies. However, the need to design such cantilevers in order to withstand dynamic loads has emerged. Within this study, modal analyses of two different designs of cantilevered false works are performed with varying spans and during the different stages of construction. The results are used to judge whether these temporary structures are expected to resonate due to dynamic loads such as winds and earthquakes or not. Furthermore, the behaviors of these structures were studied under an actual earthquake through performing a time-history analysis and the adjusted designs of the members due to the new load combination were performed. Keywords: Structural engineering, structural steel, construction engineering, structural dynamics, earthquake engineering

INTRODUCTION The architectural design of buildings with non-typical floors creates risky situations at which cantilevered slabs and beams are extended while the floor beneath has no cantilevered slabs on which the false work could rest. The use of typical vertical shoring to support an irregular cantilever under construction that is five or six floor high (or even more) could be typically seen in several countries. The stability of such shores (whether steel or wood) is under a major question mark in addition to the fact that assembling such shores and bracing them for such high heights is for sure a time consuming process that becomes even more complicated as the number of floors increases [1]. For such multi-storey shoring cases, steel tower frames are available to withstand the concrete floor loads. These frames are erected in sections; each section consists of four legs with heights ranging between 2.4 and 3 m. Each section has a shape of a three-dimensional truss that is typically fabricated from two welded frames and two X-welded

frames, usually the dimensions in the horizontal and vertical directions are equal. Up to four additional sections could be added to reach a height of 12 m for a four-tier tower. Each tower section is secured by fastening its legs using frame couplers. Additionally, and in order to enhance the stability, horizontal braces are utilized to brace adjacent tower sections to each other [2]. Hence, it is more economically sound and more structurally stable to utilize the existing structure to extend false work from it to support the false work used in such cases without having shoring activities for the full height of the building beneath the cantilever under construction. One of the advancements reached in such field is the so-called “Flying Deck Forms” that are composed of a set of components assembled into units, called decks, for forming concrete slabs in multistory buildings [3]. However, this assembly involves a significantly large amount of steel that could be not necessarily needed if the cantilever is

JoCETM (2016) 48-53© STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 48



Building Material Selection Ideology for Sustainability in India

Tanima Shrivastava

1, Ashish Choudhary

2 1Department of Architecture, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

2Department of Architecture, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Buildings are largest share of consumer of energy and also one of the major producers of greenhouse gases. Buildings are a topic of discussion on an international platform. Sustainability is one of major demands. It may be true that in the current phase, it is just a demand of academicians and people concerned for sustainable development but sooner or later every client will be demanding for sustainable buildings. It will be responsibility of us, the designers, contractors and planners to provide proper service. Material selection is the key aspect of sustainable construction. The paper discusses the ideology that can be followed while selection of materials for sustainable building construction. Keywords: Construction, building material, timber, sustainable

INTRODUCTION Building materials account for 60–70% of the total cost of construction (Table 1). Due to large-scale construction programmers in the country, the demand for conventional building materials like cement, steel, bricks and timber has outstripped their supply [1]. Moreover, the exponential population growth and the existing housing shortage have made the situation even more alarming [2]. There is a general shortage of conventional building materials like cement, steel, bricks and timber in different parts of the country. In 2003, there was an estimated shortage of 55,000 million bricks, 17 million tonnes of cement, 285 million tonnes of stones, 2.7 million tonnes of steel and 13 million cum. of timber (Table 2) [3]. It is thus quite obvious that the present available stock of building materials in the country is not in a

position to meet the ever-growing demand of housing [4]. In the present situation, the country has very little option but to rely increasingly on locally available cost-effective building materials and components. The R&D efforts undertaken in the country by various research organizations like CBRI, Roorkee; SERC, Madras; National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB), Ballabgarh; Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI), Dhanbad; NBO and BMTPC have led to development of various low cost, low energy consuming building materials using several industrial and agricultural wastes [5-7]. There is considerable potential for exploitation of the agro-industrial wastes for their commercial production and large-scale application in construction programmes.

Table 1: Average Cost Break-Up of Building Construction.

Materials (67%) Labour (33%) Component-wise (100%)

Cement 17% Mason’s wages 12% Foundation 10%

Iron and steel 9% Carpenter’s wages 6% Walls 30%

Bricks 15% Unskilled labour 15% Roofs 25%

Timber 12%

Doors and Windows 15%

Sand 6% Flooring 10%

Aggregate 8% Finishing 10%




Flood Resistant Houses

Subhan Ahmad1,*, Mohammad Kamil Khan

2, Mohd. Saqib

3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India 2Departmentof Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

3Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract Unusual high stage of river is called flood. In flood, the water level rises to an extent in which water starts spilling over the bank and spreading to the flood plains. The frequency and intensity of floods has intensified in the country over the years primarily due to encroachment of flood plains because of obvious advantages of water supply and irrigation. Flood causes extensive damage to infrastructure, the economy and devastation to human settlements. Heavy rains during the monsoon season lasting between June and September are a common peril hazard in North-East India. Usually 80 to 90 percent of the annual rain falls over most parts of the country, due to monsoon circulation cause severe floods in some of the Indian rivers due to cyclonic precipitation. Out of the total geographical area of 329 mha of India, more than 40 mha is flood prone. In the past three decades, about 481 natural disasters struck India in which 184 were flood disasters affecting millions of people and took over 4000 lives. According to the climate change reports from inter-governmental panel, warn that the climate change in the country will lead to an increase in frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather events. For preparing to minimize the flood damages, many techniques can be adopted in which construction of flood resisting houses is an important step to be worked on. Measures to design of flood resistant houses and some case are discussed and described in the present paper. Keywords: Mitigation techniques, floating house

INTRODUCTION An unusual high stage of river is called flood. The events causing flood may be natural meteorological phenomenon or result of some human activities. The natural events such as intense and prolonged rainfall spells, seismic activities causing tsunami and astronomically influenced phenomena such as high tides coinciding with the occurrence of heavy rainfall may cause floods. Failure of hydraulic and other control structures and mis-management of hydraulic structures may also lead to flood. India is a peninsular country as it is bordered by Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal on three sides and a large percentage of area is lying in flood prone zone, i.e. 12.5% of total area is lying in major flood prone zone according to the Geological Survey of India (GSI). Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal fall in flood prone areas. During 1953 to 2011, the average annual flood damage caused due to floods in various parts of the country, are tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1: Summary of Average Annual Flood Damages in India [1].

Average Annual Flood Damage (1953–2011) Total damage Rs.3612.12 Crores

Area affected 7.22 million hectare

Population affected 32.43 million

Human lives lost 1653 Nos. Floods disasters can be avoided if well preparations are made to deal with them in advance, it will reduce the loss of life and properties [2]. The flood resistant house (FRH) is a house in which the flood’s impacts on the residents and property and on the home itself are minimized. In ideal design, the FRH should be impervious to water while having a traditional home appearance.

http://www.mapsofindia.com/andhra-pradesh/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/haryana/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/orissa/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttar-pradesh/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/west-bengal/




Use of Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Mix Used as White Topping

Borde Pratik Sanjay

1, Nirkhe Saurabh P.

2*

1Department of Applied Mechanics, Government Polytechnic, Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, Deogiri Institute of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Concrete, steel, brick, stone, glass, clay, mud and wood are the key materials for construction of any civil structure. Now a day’s cement concrete is the main construction material used worldwide in construction industries. As per the environmental change, concrete conserve resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of energy. To triumph this, use of wastes and by-products in concrete mix used for new constructions in a concrete mix, recycled aggregates play a very important role as a major constitute of concrete. By using recycled aggregate, we reduced the ingesting of energy and natural materials and ingesting of waste materials. Under this topic, we focus on sustainable development for our country. In this paper, we focus on, using recycled aggregate as alternative to natural aggregate with varying replacement percentage for the concrete mix used for existing pavements. Keywords: Cement concrete, recycled aggregate, bituminous pavements, IRC SP-76

INTRODUCTION Recycled Aggregates Recycled aggregate is produced by crushing concrete, and sometimes asphalt, to reclaim the aggregate. Recycled aggregate can be used for many purposes. The primary market is road base. The use of recycled aggregate can save money for local governments and other purchasers, create additional business opportunities, save energy when recycling is done on site, conserve diminishing resources of urban aggregates, and help local governments to meet the diversion goals. Aggregate consists of hard, graduated fragments of inert mineral materials, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, rock dust, or powder. Inert solid waste is concrete, asphalt, dirt, brick, and other rubble. Portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphalt concrete (AC) consist primarily of aggregate. The cement and asphalt serve as binders. Some PCC contains steel reinforcement bars, or "rebar," such as a bridge deck or tilt-up slabs. When a road or structure is demolished, the rebar can often be

seen protruding from the broken chunks of PCC. Recycled aggregate comes primarily from PCC and AC from road rehabilitation and maintenance, demolition, and leftover batches of AC and PCC. After processing, the rocks retain bits of cement or asphalt. A roadway is built in several layers: pavement, base, and sometimes subbase. The pavement is the surface layer, and is made of PCC or AC. The base layer supports the pavement, and is made of aggregate base (AB) [1–3]. Sources of Recycled Aggregate Recycled aggregates sources are from demolition and repair work. We found the demolished structure in Aurangabad city. We collected the pieces of demolished slabs, beams, columns and other components of building made up of concrete (Figure 1-2). We obtained recycling aggregates of required size by crushing the pieces obtained from the site. (Location: Plot No: 11, Pannalal Nagar, Osmanpura, Aurangabad)




Use of Steel Slag in Fly Ash Based Concrete for White Topping

R. S. Patil

Department of Civil Engineering, Deogiri Institute of Engineering and Management Studies, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

The fast growth in industrialization has resulted in tons of by products or waste materials, which can be used as secondary cementitious materials such as fly ash, steel slag etc. The use of these byproducts not only helps to utilize these waste materials but also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states. Steel slag and fly ash are the two materials used in concrete. Most concrete produced nowadays includes one or multiple materials. That is why their properties are usually compared to each other by mix designers, needed to optimize concrete mixtures. In the present work, a number of tests were carried out to make comparative studies of mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by using ultra tech brand Portland cement, fly ash in 20, 25, 30 and 35% proportions of replacement, steel slag in 20, 25, 30 and 35% of replacement. The fine aggregate used is natural sand belongs to zone II as per IS 383-1982. The coarse aggregate used is of 20 mm size. The properties were studied for 150 days for compressive and flexural strength. Keywords: Concrete, fly ash, steel slag

INTRODUCTION White topping is referred to as the resurfacing of an existing distressed pavement with concrete [1]. The bonded white topping is categorized as ultra-thin white topping, concrete surface thickness ranging from 51–102 mm (2–4 in), and thin white topping concrete surface thickness ranging from 102–152 mm (4–6 in) [2–4]. Globally, concrete is the backbone for the development of infrastructures leading to utilization of large quantity of concrete [5]. In today’s situation, concrete needs special combination. The proper use of waste material fundamentally affects our economy and environment [6]. The modern techniques in industries create wastes in nature, which pollute environment. Such waste in concrete is useful as ecofriendly materials [7–9]. LITERATURE White topping, now a day is a very popular technique for road construction and development and it is used all around the world. The UTW project was constructed on a landfill disposal facility near Louisville, KY in 1991. In North America, 200 UTW projects had been built in 1997 [10–14]. The Colorado department of transportation had done a series

of white-topping projects using TWT technology, with more than 705,000 square yards of concrete placed, in 1990. In 1990 project, test section was placed directly over existing asphalt pavement on SH 68. These test sections performed well over 15 years, and cost analysis showed a savings of 11 percent over asphalt replacement [15–17]. Many researchers had worked on for analyzing and designing guidelines for TWT and UTW system. Out of these studies, it is found that for proper UTW and TWT system, a good bonding between concrete-asphalt interface is essential (Figures 1 and 2) [18–20]. METHODOLOGY The material which is produced at the time of separation of molten steel from impurities in steel making furnace; the slag act as a molten liquid melt and is a mixture of silicates and oxides and is removed from the furnace at 1600 to 1800ºC and cooled before being crushed and separated into various sizes.




Understanding Quality in Construction

Ujjwal Prabhakar*, Purnima Bajpai Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, The Northcap University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

Abstract

Quality has transformed into a fundamental part of the construction project management industry. With creating competition between various private firms, quality control and quality assurance has grown to accomplish its significance in the construction industry. Quality administration has been inserted in as a part of the framework for quite a while now but still defects arise. This conflict arises due to difference in the management’s and the consumer’s perception of a quality product. This study has been carried out as an endeavor to understand if there really is any distinction or not. Just when this is seen accurately, can quality genuinely be judged? In other words, one should differentiate between the factual definition of quality and quality as a perception. The providers of services or goods that meet specifications achieve quality in fact. In other words, a product can be of high quality and yet it may not meet customer's needs and vice versa. Thus, a hypothesis testing using t-test has been carried out in this study to comprehend if there exist a difference in perception of people belonging to different age groups and educational backgrounds. Keywords: Hypothesis testing, t-test, quality, client-contractor, relationships

INTRODUCTION In the last few years, an economic surge has been observed in the consumers with respect to the quality of the product. This growing interest has forced the industry to implement various strategies in order to achieve or meet the consumer’s expectations. Quality has become an integral part of the construction project management industry in recent years. With growing competition between various private firms, quality control and quality assurance has achieved its importance. In its most basic definition, quality may be defined as conformance to what is promised. This definition although may sum up the basic understanding of what quality means but in reality the idea is a lot more complex. In recent years, with such rapid expansion in the construction industry due to increased participation of private contractors, quality as a concept has gained much importance. Fischgrund et al., in their have research have impressed on the fact that client enters into any project with certain expectations [1]. These inherent expectations from the client also have a large effect on how the quality of the product may be judged. It has also been

observed that there may be a difference in perception between the client, the contractor and the engineers involved in the project. With increasing complexity of projects, there are various parties involved. Thus, binding all contributing parties into a common goal may cause issues. The understanding of quality as a measure cannot be easily quantified because the perception of good quality may differ from one contributing party to another. Attainment of acceptable levels of quality in the construction industry has long been a problem. Extraordinary consumptions of time, cash and assets, both, human and material, are squandered every year on account of wasteful or non-existent quality administration systems. This has long been an issue and lack of common perception or understanding of what a quality product means from a customer’s point of view and a contractor’s point of view are two very different concepts. The difference between the services delivered to the customer and the promise of the firm to the customer about its service quality. Thus, the need for better understanding of quality as a definition and whether there really is a difference in opinion on the topic among people belonging

ISSN 2249-4723 (Online)

ISSN 2347-7253 (Print)

Journal of Construction

Engineering

Technology & Management

(JoCETM)

September–December 2016

SJIF: 4.404

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical