Korea cuba and vietnam

Korea, Cuba and Vietnam

Korea, Cuba and Vietnam

Hot Spots in the Cold War

The Korean War1950-1953300px-ChosinUSA_flagImage:Flag of the United Nations.svgImage:Flag of South Korea.svgImage:Flag of North Korea.svgImage:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg

Background

Korea had been a unified country since the 7th century.

During the 19th century, Imperial Japan began an occupation of the Korean Peninsula which lasted until the end of WW II.

At the close of World War II, forces of both the Soviet Union and the United States occupied the Korean peninsula.

i_ie_en_korea_map

Korea - 1945

The Soviets imposed a communist government on North Korea, resulting in the formation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948,

The U.S. imposed a nationalist/capitalist democracy on South Korea, resulting in the formation of the Republic of Korea in 1948.

kpartitionNorthKoreanFlagkorea_flag

Post-War Plans

Initially, it was the intention of both sides to establish a stable and unified Korea in order to withdraw their military forces from the area.

However, neither the Soviet Union or the U.S. wanted the peninsula to fall into the other's hand.

The division of Korea that ensued set the stage for a civil war.

Trumanstalin

Prelude to War

North Korean General Secretary Kim Il-Sung was intent on reuniting the peninsula under communism.

An offensive against the South was planned

On January 30, 1950, Stalin, via telegram, informed Kim Il Sung that he was willing to help Kim in his plan to unify Korea.

Kim Il Sung1936

Stage 1: North Korea attacks

1st Phase of Conflict

June 25, 1950

North Korea launches a surprise attack against South Korea triggering the Korean War.

By the night of June 28, Seoul (capital of South Korea) had fallen and the South Korean forces were in disarray.

Korea map 1

United Nations Involvement

The United Nations Security Council called for an immediate end to hostilities.

When its further demand that North Korea withdraw forces from the southern half of the Korean peninsula fell on deaf ears, the UN Security Council recommended that members of the United Nations join forces to repel the attack.

Twenty-one nations agreed to contribute arms, money, medical supplies, and/or troops to rid South Korea of the Communist aggressor.

The Korean War: The UN Offensive

United Nations Force

Gen. Douglas MacArthur was put in charge of the U.N. Command, which included combat and medical units from 22 nations.

The United States provided 50% of the ground forces (South Korea provided most of the remainder), 86% of the naval power, and 93% of the air power.

h62439

Stage 2: Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter

Unable to slow the enemy advance, the Americans and South Koreans fought desperate delaying operations, buying time with blood as more American units were rushed to Korea.

By the end of July 1950, the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan.

Korea map 2

Stage 3: Inchon

MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul.

The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines.

American and South Korean forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north.

Korea map 3

Stage 4: Approaching the Yalu

Despite warnings from the Chinese that "American intrusion into North Korea would encounter Chinese resistance," MacArthur's forces continued to push north.

On October 25, 1950, however, things turned ominous. The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force.

Korea map 4

Stage 5: An entirely new war

Roughly 180,000 Chinese troops shattered the right flank of the US Eighth Army in the west, while 120,000 others threatened to destroy the X Corps near the Chosin Reservoir.

On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war."

Korea map 5

Stage 6: Stalemate

Korea map 6Beginning January 15, 1951, U.N. troops began a slow advance northward, in what his troops began to call the "meatgrinder."

Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. eventually recaptured Seoul.

In the meantime, General MacArthur had been steadily pushing Washington to remove the restrictions on his forces.

Not only did Truman decline for fear of widening the war, but he fired MacArthur, who had been publicly challenging him for months, for insubordination on April 11.

McArthur in Front of Congress
Apr 19, 1951

mccarthur in front of Congress.jpg

Ceasefire Agreement

The Korean War end, when an armistice (cease-fire) was signed on July 27, 1953.

The armistice was only intended as a temporary measure and provided for:

A suspension of open hostilities

A fixed demarcation line with a four kilometer (2.4 mile) buffer zone - the so-called demilitarization zone

SEE next slide

A mechanism for the transfer of prisoners of war.

mirador

20100506_north_korea_dmz_war02.jpg

Results/Outcomes/Casualties

The Korean War was the first armed confrontation of the Cold War, and it set a model for many later conflicts.

It created the idea of a limited war, where the two superpowers would/could fight without using nuclear weapons.

It also expanded the Cold War, which to that point had mostly been concerned with Europe.

The total number of deaths, including all civilians and military soldiers from UN Nations and China, was about 2,000,000.

US had 54,000 deaths.

http://www.webresourcesdepot.com/wp-content/uploads/image/free-vector-world-map.gifSoviet Union

U.S.A.

http://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpghttp://trit.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/nuclear-missiles-691.jpgCuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

Why Cuba?

Cuba, small island, 90 miles from coast of Florida

US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo)

1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Batista (US-backed dictator), establishing Communist government.

young_castro_2.jpg image by fuknsatchUS had sugar mills and refineries in Cuba, lot of investments thereBatista worked with US gmentCuba and Che Guevera overthrow the Batista and install a Communist gmentWe put an embargo on Cuba (thats why you cant by Cuban cigars)Castro turns to the Soviet Union for help.For a while, they are getting like a million bucks a day from Sov Un.

Castro takes over US businesses

January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations

April, 1961, Bay of Pigs 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles (supported by the CIA) attempted to overthrow Castro. The attempted invasion was a disaster.

Autumn 1962 -- Cuba received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel

http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1235000/images/_1235128_cuba_bay_of_pigs_map150.gif

Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba?

Cuba was a new Communist state

Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs)

Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK

Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe

http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/castro-khrushchev-2.jpgUncle Fidel with Soviet leader Uncle Nikita Khrushchev

October Crisis

photo taken from US spyplane above Cuba14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba

Sites nearing completion, experts believe they could be ready in 7 days

US spy planes identify 20 Soviet ships bound for Cuba carrying missiles

http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/lae/images/LE283L3.jpghttp://www.classbrain.com/artteenst/uploads/cuban-missiles.jpgcuba, ship

map showing location of Cuba & range of Cuban missiles

What was JFK to do?

20 October, Kennedy decides to quarantine (blockade) Cuba

22 October, Kennedy publicly calls on Khrushchev to remove weapons

map of US blockadeAmericans panicked.rushed to grocery stores, supermarket shelves emptied of food, water and other supplies

Soviet Response

map of US blockade23 October Khrushchev refuses to acknowledge blockade or presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba

24 October, 1st Soviet ships (accompanied by submarines) approach exclusion zone

President gives express orders not to fire on the boats without his permission

Soviet Response part 2

24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn round

25 October, aerial photos show continued construction of missile sites

26 October, Kennedy receives a letter offering to negotiate over missiles in Cuba with removal of blockade and US invasion threat

27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey

28 October, Khrushchev agrees to dismantle Soviet missiles in Cuba

1st letter analyzed seems to be written by Krushchev under stress. Not edited before sent out b/c it has a lot of emotion in it, not politically correct2nd letter made them suspect Krushchev had been overthrown b/c it was much tougher, said US had to withdraw its missiles from Turkey too. We couldnt do that.would make us look weak.

What was the outcome?

Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed (without nuclear missiles)

Both leaders didnt lose face and came away with concessions

Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up

Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable

http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw3584.gif

03252The Vietnam
War
1954 - 1975

PHASE 1 - A WAR OF COLONIAL INDEPENDENCE
AGAINST THE FRENCH

Vietnam had been a French

colony under the name of

French Indochina (along with

Cambodia and

Laos)

Vietnam began to fight for its independence from France during WW II ( when France was preoccupied with European conflict)

the Vietnamese revolutionary leader was Ho Chi Minh, a Communist

wanted to be the leader of

an independent, communist Vietnam; Ho received support

from both the USSR and China

indochho-chi-minh-1-sized

this colonial war raged from 1946-54, ending in French defeat at Dienbienphu

France decided it wanted out and called a peace conference in Geneva, Switzerland (attended by France, Vietnam, the US, and the USSR)

the decision of the conference was to partition Vietnam into a communist North led by Ho and a democratic South Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem

the settlement was an outgrowth of basic Cold War tensions between the Americans and Soviets and clearly reflected the US policy of containment with respect to Soviet communist expansionism

the US had come to see South Vietnam as a domino that they couldnt afford to lose

DienBienPhuimages

PHASE 2 AMERICAN ESCALATION AND MILITARY INVOLVEMENT

The U.S. never formally

issued a declaration of war, but

after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident,

where two American

destroyers were apparently

fired upon by the North

Vietnamese, Congress

passed the Gulf of Tonkin

Resolutions (August 1964)

- here Congress gave LBJ

their support in sending

American personnel and material

johnson%20and%20gulf%20of%20tonkin

in spite of ongoing escalation

throughout the 1960s, the US

experienced a lack of success

against the Vietnamese

guerrilla forces in S.

Vietnam (the Vietcong) as the

US Army was unprepared for

their tactics and mentality.

The US was also never entirely

successful in shutting

down the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a

supply line that ran between

North and South Vietnam via

difficult jungle terrain,

often underground and

through neighboring nations

like Cambodia

hochiminhHCM_Trail

the war definitely turned against the US in 1968, when the NVA began the Tet Offensive, a surprise offensive on a major Vietnamese holiday that saw attacks all over the country, including in Saigon itself

ongoing US casualties and losses saw an increase in antiwar sentiment on the American Home Front,

in large part because Vietnam was a TV War where American audiences saw the brutality of war firsthand

tetoffensiveknifedtet

Anti-WarDemonstrationsColumbia University
1967

Columbia Students-1967

Anti-War DemonstrationsCounterculture gathered momentum (Hippies, Flower Children, etc.), protests became widespread and began to polarize the nationIntensified after the Kent State Massacre in 1970National Guardsmen opened fire on student protestors in Ohio, killing 4, wounding 11

5414

increasingly the American people came to perceive the Credibility Gap, i.e. they no longer

believed that LBJ was telling them the truth about events in the war

in 1968, LBJ chose not to run for president, and Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected on a platform of Peace with Honour

300px-Richard_Nixon_campaign_rally_1968

Nixon wanted the South Vietnamese to play a greater role in the war, a policy he labeled Vietnamization

in spite of that, he continues carpet bombing Hanoi and orders a secret invasion of Cambodia

He relied on the diplomacy of Henry Kissinger to achieve peace and/or an American withdrawal

B52Originalkissinger%2019750429

PHASE 3 VIETNAMESE CIVIL WAR, 1973-75

the NVA easily defeated the South by 1975; the South had appealed to Nixon for aid, but none came

1975 the US abandoned its embassy in Saigon, which was renamed

Ho Chi Minh City in the newly unified and communist Vietnam

South Vietnamese
Attempt to Flee the Country

The Fall of Saigon

Vietnam America Abandons Its Embassy

3,000,000 Vietnamese killed

58,000 Americans killed; 300,000 wounded

Under-funding of Great Society programs

$150,000,000,000 in U.S. spending

U.S. morale, Self-confidence, trust of government, decimated

26th Amendment: 18-year-olds vote

Nixon abolished the draft all-volunteer army

War Powers Act, 1973 Reaffirms Congresss constitutional right to declare war. Sets 60 day limit on presidential commitment of U.S. troops for foreign conflicts without a specific declaration of war by Congress.

The Impact

Formerly Saigon

A United Vietnam

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Korea cuba and vietnam