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UNIVERSIDAD MAGISTER

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

UNIVERSIDAD MAGISTER

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

STYLES AND STRATEGIES

BY JOSE CONTRERAS

ContentsContents

MAIN CONCEPTS

LEARNING ELEMENTS

COGNITIVE STYLES

4

1

2

3

LEARNING STRATEGIES

The way in which each individual learner begins to concentrate on, process, absorb, and retain new and difficult information.

They are the most important tool for us when we construct knowledge.

WHAT IS A LEARNING STYLE?

Most people do not have any idea about their learning styles.

The right way of studying, however, does not exist.

Everybody learns in his individual way, but without knowing this way.

WHAT IS A LEARNING STYLE?

LEARNING ELEMENTS

They LISTENLISTEN

to a lecture, a presentation,

or an audiotape.

AuditoryLearners

They

DISCUSSDISCUSS with others the new

and complex information

they are learning.

VerbalLearners

They READREAD the written

word (textbooks, memos,

and e-mail messages).

The DODO rather than

be sitting and listening, reading,

or thinking about the

information.

Tactile and/or Kinesthetic

Learners

They SEESEE (create) mental images of what

they hear or read.

Visual Picture

Learners

Perceptual ElementsPerceptual Elements

Visual Text

Learners

Analytic / Global

ANALYTICS…ANALYTICS…

…assimilate and process information best when it is presented sequentially and the information builds toward a conceptual understanding.

GLOBALS…GLOBALS…

…assimilate and process information best

when humor and metaphors are used and

they need to understand the concept before the

details make sense.

Perceive analytically

Make specific concept

distinctions

Interested in new concepts for their

own sake

Has self-defined goals and

reinforcements

Impersonal orientation

Learns social material only as an

intentional task

Can self-structure situations

Less affected by criticism

Deductive

Field Independent

COGNITIVE STYLESCOGNITIVE STYLES

COGNITIVE STYLESCOGNITIVE STYLES

FIELD FIELD DEPENDENTDEPENDENT

• Perceives globally• Makes broad general

distinctions among concepts, sees

relationships

• Attends best to material relevant to own experience

• Learns material with social content best

Wholeview

Inductive Social

orientation

• Requires defined goals & reinforcements

More affected by criticism

LEFT AND RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONINGLEFT AND RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONING

BRAIN LEFT ANALYTICAL

RIGHT GLOBAL

INTELLECTUAL INTUITIVE

VERBAL SEQUENTIAL VISUAL GENERAL

WORD MEANING

LOGICAL

PLANNING

RECALL NAMES

FEW GESTURES

FORMAL STUDY

BRIGHT LIGHT

STEP BY STEP

VOICE MEANING

EMOTIONAL

IMPULSIVE

RECALL FACES

LOTS OF GESTURES

SOUNDS - BACKGROUND

MOBILITY

GENERAL VIEW

REFLECTIVE

(Inductive)

IMPULSIVE

(deductive)

When taken to the extreme, thisapproach leads to

analysis paralysis!

Reflective learners take time to weigh their options before making decisions and solving problems.

Impulsive learners

prefer less detail when

making decisions and

solving problems.

The extreme, impulsive

people want others to

be brief, be bright,

and be gone!!

SOUND

BACKGROUND

SOUNDS

TYPE OF LIGHT

WARM OR COOL

FORMAL OR INFORMAL

LIGHT

TEMPERATURE

SEATING

ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTSENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS

Physiological ElementsPhysiological Elements

When is more effective and

efficient:

Early Morning?

Late Morning?

Late Afternoon?

Evening?

Time of Day

Do you focus your attention best when you snack while you

work or study or snack after you are

finished?

Intake

When you stay in one place for too long, do you become restless and

fidgety?

Mobility

VISUAL LEARNERS

"Show me and I'll understand."

 Benefit from diagrams,

pictures, films, and written directions

They value to-do lists, assignment logs, and written notes. 

Visual learners learn best by seeing information.  Information presented in pictures, charts, or diagrams is easily remembered.Visual learners have strong visualization skills.

Characteristics

AUDITORY LEARNERS

Auditory learners learn best by hearing information. They can usually remember information more accurately when it has been explained to them orally. 

Auditory learners learn best by hearing information. They can usually remember information more accurately when it has been explained to them orally. 

They like traditional classes

They like traditional classes

 Verbal Information

 Verbal Information

Speeches requiredSpeeches required

Body LanguageTone of Voice

Body LanguageTone of Voice

LEARNING STRATEGIES EXAMPLES

LEARNING STRATEGIES EXAMPLES

Outlining and Summarizing

Evaluating an Argument

Comparing and Contrasting

Contextualizing

Questioning to Understand and Remember

Writing a Five Paragraph Essay

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Thank You!Thank You!