Lead as pollutant

LEAD AS POLLUTANT prepared by

SAMIR M. ALBASOOS

Supervisor

PROF . JAMAL SAFI

AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY-GAZAMaster Program of Water and Environmental

Outline ..• What is lead?• When the human started to use lead ?• Where is lead found?• Ways in which lead enters the body• How are people exposed to lead?• What are the health risks of lead?• What to do if you have been exposed to lead?• How can you prevent exposure to lead?

What is lead?

• Lead is metal found naturally in the environment, The total amount of lead in the earth’s crustis estimated to be 3.1 x 1014 tonnes

• Lead is a chemical element in the metals group , Lead symbol Pb , Lead is a soft and malleable metal , It is very resistant to corrosion

• lead regarded as a heavy metal and pure metal • Lead is a relatively poor conductor of electricity

Lead PropertiesPhysical Properties of LeadColor Light-gray to slightly bluish-gray.

Hardness 1.5

Transparency Opaque

Specific gravity 11.3

classification Metallic

Density 11.4 gm/cm3

Lead Properties

Chemical Properties of Lead

Melting point 600.61 K (327.49 Oc)

Boiling point 2022 K ( 1749 Oc )

Heat of vapor 177.7 kJ/mol

Specific heat 0.13 J/gm K

Atomic Properties of Lead

Atomic number 82

Atomic mass 207.2 g/mol

Atomic radius 1.47 A

Electron configuration (Xe)4f145d106s26p2

Group name Metals

Atomic volume 18.17 cm3/mol

Stable isotopes 4

Lead Properties

Lead ores

• Lead ores usually contain the elements sulfur, zinc, and copper , is the most important presence in nature Galena ore, which consists of lead sulfide (Pb S) which is used in coating the mirrors, is also used as a blue dye.

• Lead in various other pictures of them include oxides of lead and lead monoxide (PbO) which is most widely used in the industries of inorganic lead is also used in the manufacture of batteries waved in the ceramic industry, glass

When the human started to use lead?

• Lead is one of the first minerals that the human human used it and evidenced by the lead pipes that made the Romans .

• In the era of the Romans used lead in the manufacture of pipes by mixing a combination of lead welded with tin and slaves are the ones who are extracting and processing of lead and wounded slaves later lead poisoning .


• and in the era of the ancient Egyptians used lead in the manufacture of currencies and units of weights and decoration materials and household utensils and surfaces of ceramic and alloy Welding


• Manufacturers Muslims reached during the fourth ten century to ways to rid the lead of impurities .

• Despite the benefits of lead, but the harms are substantial compared to its benefits, and the metal of lead is highly toxic

Lead can be found in all parts of our environment• In outdoor air• Indoor air• Homes and Buildings• Lead in work environments• Drinking Water• Commercial Products• Imported Cosmetics• In the paint• In the factories• Emissions of energy products• Pigments

Where is lead found?

• In the soil• In gasoline• Ammunition• Batteries• food containers• In fisherman nets



• Sources of Lead in the AirAir pollution Definition : any material is solid or

liquid or gaseous are existence of air quantities lead to damage physiological and economic vitality of human beings, animals and plants .

Of air pollutants in major cities tetramethyl lead( الرصاص رابع ) and tetraethyl lead (ميثيل

الرصاص which be added to motor fuel (إيثيل


In outdoor airlead forms considered very small particles

coming to the air due to the combustion of fuel for industry and transportation and heating fuel, since it has an element of lead

lead considered heavy metal so most of particles fall down on the way

Some measurements showed that the percentage of lead in the air 3000 ppm in the outside air in the street.

In outdoor air• National Standards for Lead in the Air


Secondary Standard

Averaging Time

Primary Standard

Pollutant

Same as Primary

Rolling 3-Month Average

0.15 µg/m3 (1) Lead

Where is lead found?Indoor airThe indoor air is a greater risk to health than

outdoor airThe indoor air quality is prone to contamination

(mold, bacteria), chemicals (carbon monoxide, radon), or any solid pollutants that can affect health, such as lead

Some measurements showed that the percentage of lead in the air of homes up from 6400 - 9000 ppm in dust inside some homes.

Where is lead found?Homes and Buildings

Where is lead found?Homes and BuildingsInside home and buildings we can find several

things contains of lead such as :• Paint• Windows• Doors and door frames• Stair , railings , banisters , and porches• Water Taps , pipes• Dust


things contains of lead such as :• kids toys , television screens• Ceramic pots• Cosmetics• Kerosene heater , Fuel emissions • Food containers


things contains of lead such as :• Electronic devices• Batteries• Pigments• Soil ( home garden )Inside home children considers more exposure

by lead

Lead in work environments

Jobs that may involve lead include:

• Construction,

• Automobile repair,

• Lead mining,

• Plumbing,

• Printing,

• Military and police work involving fire arms, and Home renovations.

Drinking Water


Where is lead found?Drinking Water• How Does Lead Get Into our Water?Lead leaches into water through:• Corrosion –Pipes – Solder –

Faucets(brass) - Fittings• The amount of lead in your water also depends

on the types and amounts of minerals in the water, how long the water stays in the pipes, the amount of wear in the pipes, the water’s acidity and its temperature.

Where is lead found?Drinking Water• A review of lead in drinking water and

its impact on healthHow standards have changed ?Standards for lead in drinking water :• 1970 WHO 300 μg/l “not to be regularly exceeded” Uncommon to sample routinely

• 1980(5) EU 50 μg/l (MAC) in “running water”Uncommon to sample at consumers’

taps

Where is lead found?Drinking Water

A review of lead in drinking water and its impact on health

How standards have changed ?Standards for lead in drinking water :• 1998(03) EU 25 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ taps

Sampling methods vary

• 1998(13) EU 10 μg/l (MAC) at consumers’ tapsHarmonization of sampling methods?

Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water• Studies in Scotland (UK), Wales (UK),

Germany and the US have correlated high lead concentrations in drinking water with an elevated body lead burden

Troesken cites numerous incidents of lead poisoning from drinking water in the 19th and early 20th centuries and concluded that the scale of the problem had been greater than the Chernobyl and Bhopal disasters

Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water• In Glasgow (UK) the mean blood lead

concentration decreased from 11.9 to 3.7 µg/dl after lime and phosphate treatments had been introduced (a 69% reduction)

• In Edinburgh (UK), the introduction of lime and phosphate treatments resulted in a 64% reduction in blood lead levels between 1983/5 and 1992/3


Drinking WaterHealth effects of lead from drinking water

► child development delays and reduced birth weight ► mental retardation among children ► ischemic heart disease ► renal damage ► gout and hypertension

Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHow many people could be at risk?• The KIWA data suggests that around 25% of

houses in Europe have a lead pipe (there is much uncertainty). If true, 120 million people are at risk in the EU

Where is lead found?Drinking WaterHow many people could be at risk?• Pb in UK East 22 to 52% by survey; Pb in UK

West 59% by survey• The issue is obviously relevant to

implementation of the Protocol on Water and Health, and to the development of Drinking Water Safety Plans

• Imported Cosmetics• there are very small amounts of lead in the

dyes that are used to color lipstick, the amounts are within the limits allowed by the FDA.

• That limit is no more than 20 parts per million (ppm). And most lipsticks contain less than 4 ppm. The highest levels are a little over 7 ppm. The FDA study shows the average amount of lead in lipstick coloring is 1.1 ppm. As the FDA says, this is a very small amount.


• Imported Cosmetics• The FDA also says that since we only use a few

swipes of lipstick on a very small area of our skin, our exposure is limited. So unless you cover your entire body in thick coats of lipstick you probably don't have much to worry about.


• Imported Cosmetics

• Tests conducted on lipstick revealed that more than half of the forms contain lead material and that some species, including the famous "Cover Girl" and "Laurel" and "Christian Dior" contain a higher proportion than others.


التي التجارب وكشفتأحمر على أجريت

من أكثر أن الشفاهتحتوي أشكال نصفالرصاص مادة على

بما األنواع، بعض وأنفتاة " الشهير ذلك في " و" " لوريل و الغالف

" ديور" كريستيانأعلى نسبة على تحتوي

. غيرها من

• Imported Cosmetics• Campaign for Safe Cosmetics said tests

conducted by the group, "concludes Bodecot Group" in Santa Fe Springs, California, on 33 varieties of lipstick showed that 61 percent of them contain levels of lead can be detected at a rate between 0.03 to 0.65 ppm .

• Ratio allowed by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. candy, a 0.1 ppm, a standard setting to protect children from eating lead


• In the paint

• Lead or one of compounds are used in paints to the following reasons :

• Colored material mainly like substance lead chromate and lead oxides and lead sulfate .


• In the paint• Why Lead-Based Paint Was UsedAny paint that relies on lead compounds for its colour.

White lead, or lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), is a typical example, and was once widely used to paint wooden surfaces in homes. Other lead compounds, like vivid yellow lead chromate (PbCrO4), were used as coloured pigments. As well as giving the paint its tint, lead pigments are highly opaque, so that a relatively small amount of the compound can cover a large area.


• In the paint• Why Lead-Based Paint Was UsedWhite lead is very insoluble in water, making the paint

highly water-resistant with a durable, washable finish.

Lead carbonate can also neutralize the acidic decomposition products of some of the oils that make up the paint, so the coating stays tough, yet flexible and crack-resistant, for longer.


• In the paintStandards and Regulations for

Lead• White house paint contained up

to 50% lead before 1955. Federal law lowered the amount of lead allowable in paint to 1% in 1971. The CPSC has limited since 1977 the lead in most paints to 0.06% (600 ppm by dry weight).


• In the paintThe children are more exposure

to lead from paintThe paint on the children face

make the lead transport to body very easy

The children play and eat pieces of old lead , that mean the children exposure to high risk , may effects on all body


• In the soilInfected soil contamination of lead,

which reaches into the soil with the waste that is buried in the soil, or with irrigation water contaminated, or as a result of loss vehicles lingering in the air to this, a metal, lead is highly toxic, largely concentrated in the tissues of plants and fruits, which moves in turn through the human food chain


• In the soilSoil which is located near Autostrad for cars to

be more vulnerable to leadbecouse lead emissions from fuel , and moves

to the air then fall on the soil


• In gasolineWhy lead add to the gasoline ?To raise the octane number , it

must be added tetraethyl lead, along with dual-ethyl bromide, which works on non-deposition of lead on aspects of the engine and the launch of the atmosphere, leading to contamination


إيثيل، ثنائي بروميد مع جنب إلى جنبا الرصاص، إيثيل رابع

• In gasolineHow to be lead mode in fuel

molecules? lead Mode is as follows :Molecule fuel - lead - molecule

fuel - lead - molecule fuel - lead - and so on. . .


• In gasolineLead has a great benifits in the

organization of the process of fuel combustion regularly Lead help to combustion regularly but is considered a toxic substance


• In gasolineWhat are the alternatives of

lead in gasoline ?Ethanol is a clean-burning

fuel, with a high octane number, is produced from renewable sources. It is one of the derivatives of alcohol, produced from crops such as corn, sugar cane and beet


• In gasolineWhat are the alternatives of lead in

gasoline ?Added to unleaded gasoline. AndAdding ethanol to gasoline to thefollowing benefits:Reduce the price of fuelIncrease the octane value of the fuel Reduce Pollution


• Inhalation - Breathing lead fumes or dust. This is the most common route of entry in the workplace.

• Ingestion - Swallowing lead dust via food, cigarettes etc.– % absorbed in adults– 70% absorbed in children and

pregnant women

Ways in which lead enters the body

Lead Distribution in the body

• Blood

• Soft Tissue

• Mineralized Tissue

Medical Effects of Lead Poisoning

Brain damageKidney diseaseHemoglobin

synthesis

• Hypertension• Decreased fertility• Reproductive

complications

اإلنجابية المضاعفات

Signs and Symptoms• Tiredness• Sleep problems• Dizziness• Irritability تهيج

• Nervousness• Headaches• Difficulty

concentrating• Depression• Forgetfulness• Hyperactivity

(children)• Numbness الحس فقدان

• Wrist or foot drop• Weakness• Clumsiness حماقات

• Joint and muscle pain

• Vomiting• Loss of Appetite• Stomach aches• Constipation• Metal taste in mouth• Problems having

healthy children

51

Effects of Lead• Children– Even small doses of lead are dangerous– Toddlers (1-3 years) especially at risk because

they crawl on floor and put things in mouth– May affect ability to learn– Poor muscle and bone development– Coordination problems– Speech and language problems

Effects of Lead

• Nervous System– Most affected by lead– Damage can be permanent– Lead can damage the brain and destroy

brain cells– Damage can result in depression, irritability,

forgetfulness, clumsiness, learning disability– High exposure can result in hallucinations,

coma, and even death

53ICLPPP

Blood Brain Barrier• Lead increases the

permeability to the BBB

• Lead decreases the selectivity of molecules entering the brain

Kidneys– Filter and remove

waste products from the blood

– 65% of lead in blood is filtered in kidneys

– Lead can damage kidneys

– Often damage is not detected until it’s too late

– Can cause kidney failure

55ICLPPP

Kidneys

• The functional units in the kidney are called nephrons

• There are about 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney

• Each nephron has two main parts, the glomerulus and the tubules

56ICLPPP

Kidneys

• The kidney's primary function in the body is to concentrate waste substances

• Metals are elements• Metals cannot be

broken down to reduce toxicity

57ICLPPP

Types of Disease

• Chronic glomerulonephritis 48%

• Interstitial nephritis 17%• Hypertensive

nephropathy 13%

• PKD 7%• Unknown 15%

المزمن الكلى كبيبات ٪48التهاب

الكلية ٪17التهاب

الكلية ٪13اعتالل

58

Effects of Lead

• Hematology– Lead damages the red blood cells– Prevents cells from carrying oxygen– Reduces the synthesis of hemoglobin– Effects the Renin-Angiotensin system

- أنجيوتنسين الرينين نظام آثار

Effects of Lead

• Bone Tissue– Lead from blood is deposited in bones– Prevents calcium release into blood– Blocks production of new blood cells– Bones and teeth store 95% of lead in body– Stored in bone tissues for over 30 years– Under stress, lead is released from bone

tissue

العظام نسيجالعظام في الدم من الرصاص يترسب

االفراج الدم في الكالسيوم يمنعالجديدة الدم خاليا من كتل إنتاجتخزين واألسنان من 95العظام ٪

الجسم في الرصاصمدى على العظام أنسجة في 30تخزينها

عاماالرصاص تحريرها ويتم الضغط، تحت

العظمي النسيج من

60 ICLPPP

Effects of Lead

• Female Reproductive Health & Pregnancy– Reduces fertility– Affects menstruation and menopause– Lead passes through placenta to fetus– May cause brain damage to fetus– May cause miscarriage or premature

birth – May be released from bones back to

blood

الطمث وانقطاع الحيض يؤثر

خالل من يمر الرصاصالجنين على المشيمة

اإلجهاض أو المبكرة الوالدة تسبب قد

61

Effects of Lead

• Male Reproductive System– Decreased libido– Infertility– Damage to sperm, decreased motility– Increases spouses chance of

miscarriage, premature birth, and birth defects in child

62 ICLPPP

Nutrition as Therapy

• Diets high in iron and calcium• Examples of foods high in iron– Cheese, fish, meat, eggs, spinach, beans,

raisins, almonds, etc• Examples of foods high in calcium– Milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, bread, fish,

meat, beans, broccoli, fruits, nuts, etc

Medical conditions in Children

• Slight loss in IQ; hearing and growth problems

• Moderate loss in IQ; hyperactivity; poor attention span; difficulty learning; language and speech problems; slower reflexes

• Poor bone and muscle development; clumsiness; lack of coordination; early anemia; decreased red blood cells; tiredness; drowsiness

• Stomach aches and cramps تشنجات)); anemia; destruction of red blood cells; brain damage

• Swelling of brain; seizures; coma (غيبوبة) ; death

10 g/dL

20 g/dL

40 g/dL

50 g/dL

100 g/dLand over

Blood Lead Level Possible Health Effects

Engineering Controls • hrouded tools provide

exhaust ventilation at the point where the dust is generated.

• High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters on vacuums are capable of capturing very small dust particles with a 99.97% efficiency.

Respiratory Protection• Used when other

types of controls are not sufficient to reduce lead exposure to below PEL.

• Additional training is required to wear a respirator.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

• Used to keep lead dust off your body and clothes

References• http://www.epa.gov/air/lead/ (Environmental Protection Agency )• References are available for these studies (1972-89) and will be posted on

the METEAU website• http://www.cirsreach.com/news/China_SFDA_to_Revise_Hygienic_Standa

rds_for_Cosmetics.html• http://fashion.azyya.com/441946.html• http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp• http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8

http://www.epa.gov/air/lead/

http://www.cirsreach.com/news/China_SFDA_to_Revise_Hygienic_Standards_for_Cosmetics.html

http://www.cirsreach.com/news/China_SFDA_to_Revise_Hygienic_Standards_for_Cosmetics.html

http://fashion.azyya.com/441946.html

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/August/21080701.asp

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=7&po=8

Thanks

Education

Lead as pollutant