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Learning Disability
Babu Appat
Some Names
to remember
Adolph Kussmaul,
Despite only a fairly recent move to prominence the understanding of
dyslexia began in the late 19th century.
Societal interest in people with reading difficulties probably began in
1878 with Adolph Kussmaul, a German neurologist.
He had a special interest in adults with reading problems who also had
neurological impairment
He noticed that several of his patients could not read properly and
regularly used words in the wrong order.
He introduced the term ‘word blindness’ to describe their
difficulties.
Sir Rudolf Berlin(Rudolf August Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Berlin)
Rudolf Berlin was born to August Berlin (1803–1880), a physician, and his wife Amalie (née Runge,
1808–1884) in Friedland(Mecklenburg)
His grandfather, George Ludwig Berlin (1772–1823), had been a
mayor of that city
http://ldinchildren.webs.com/
Rudolf Berlin attended the Gymnasium in his native city
and took his Abitur on September 29, 1853
He then studied medicine in Göttingen, Würzburg,
and Erlangen, and ophthalmology under Albrecht von Graefe at the Charité in Berlin
Rudolf Berlin after completing his studies he became an assistant
to Alexander Pagenstecherin Wiesbaden and at the surgical
clinic in Tübingen
http://ldinchildren.webs.com/
In 1861 he set up an eye clinic in Stuttgart
http://ldinchildren.webs.com/
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02653841#page-1
James Hinshelwood
A Glaswegian eye doctor reported in 1895 about a 58 year old teacher suddenly losing his ability to read,
presumably as a result of a cerebrovascular accident
Pringle Morgan
and his 14 year old boy patient Percy with good intellectual
abilities and verbal intelligence but with poor reading ability
The first case of developmental dyslexia was reported by Pringle-
Morgan in the British Medical Journal on 7 November 1896
Morton Pringle Morgan (1896) theorized that word blindness was
caused by a problem in the left angular gyrus
(British Medical Journal, 1896 November 7 issue)
http://ldinchildren.webs.com/
Dr. James Kerr
Another School Doctor, James Kerr also reported about congenital
word blindness as early as 1895.
Samuel A Kirk
Samuel Alexander Kirk, one of the most influential figures in the
history of special education, was born in Rugby, ND, in 1904,
He began his career in 1929 with children with disabilities through
employment at the Oaks School in Chicago, working with boys who were
delinquent and had mental retardation.
During this time, he recalled, "I arranged to tutor [a] boy at nine
o'clock in the evening, after the boys were supposed to be asleep
This boy, who was eager to learn, sneaked quietly out of bed at the
appointed time each night and met me in a small space between the two
dormitory rooms and, actually, in the doorway of the boy's toilet...
I often state that my first experience in tutoring a case of reading disability was not in a school, was not in a clinic, was
not in an experimental laboratory, but in a boy's lavatory"
Later Kirk devoted considerable effort to developing a means of measuring specific aspects of
linguistic, perceptual, and memory abilities in young children
The "Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)" appeared in an
experimental version in 1961 and was revised and published in 1968
Throughout his career, Kirk contributed regularly to the academic literature. In addition to the volumes already noted,
he also published other books on mental retardation, reading, and
learning disabilities
Certainly one of the most influential of these was an introductory text in
special education, "Educating Exceptional Children" (1962)
In addition to his scholarly work on mental retardation, Kirk is widely known
for his contributions to the development of the field of learning disabilities--often he is said to have
coined the term, "learning disabilities"
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet was a French Psychologist. He invented the first practical
intelligent test. It’s known as the Binet-Simon Scale
1857 -1911
His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum.
1857 -1911
Along with his collaboratorTheodore Simon, Binet published
revisions of his intelligence scale in 1908 and in 1911, just before his death
1857 -1911
He’s an introvert and loner and choose the profession of a psychologist and mostly a self-educated psychologist
1857 -1911
In 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the
Psychological Study of the Child
1857 -1911
In 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the
Psychological Study of the Child
1857 -1911
Théodore Simon
Théodore Simon was born on 10 July 1872 in Dijoun, France, During much of his early
life, he was fascinated by the life and works of psychologist Alfred Binet
In 1899, he became an intern at the asylum in
Perray-Vaucluse where he began his famous work on
abnormal children
This drew Binet's attention, who was at the time studying
the correlation between physical growth and
intellectual development
Binet came to the asylum and continued his work there with
Simon. This research led to Simon's medical thesis on the
topic in 1900.
1905 is the year during which Simon and Binet made public
their famous Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873)
was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant
He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory and political
economy. He has been called "the most influential English-speaking philosopher
of the nineteenth century"
Mill's conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition
to unlimited state control.
Jean-Martin Charcot
Jean-Martin Charcot (29 November
1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical
pathology.
He is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least
15 medical eponyms, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Charcot disease
He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France“ and has been
called "the Napoleon of the neuroses"
His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology
and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot
T H A N K Y O U
