1. Understand the development andprinciples and editing

2. Auguste and Louis Lumire came from Lyon in France, where they worked in their fathers photographic factory. In1894, they saw Edisons kinetoscope in Paris, and decided to design a camera of their own. By February of the nextyear they had produced a working model of their cin camera, which they called a cinmatographe. The machine wasin fact not only a camera but could be used, together with a magic lantern, to project the films which the brothershad taken.As you can see from this movie ofworkers leaving the factory it isone long clip as back then theydidnt have the software to edittheir films therefore they just hadto leave them as they are. 3. D. W. Griffith was a premier pioneering American film director. He is best known as the director of the Ku Klux Klanepic 1915 film The Birth of a Nation and the subsequent film Intolerance. When it came to D.W Griffith there still wasnt any software to edit like there is today although there was the skill of cutting and sticking. D.W Griffith had to cut up the film strips and stick it back together in the order he wanted the film to appear in. 4. Sergie Eisenstein was a Russian film director and theorists, known as the father of montage. He was a pioneer in theuse of montage, a specific use of film editing, and argued that montage was the essence of the cinema. Sergie Eisenstein used the same editing skills as D.W Griffith with the cut and stick method although he was known for his specific use of film editing. Eisenstein used a lot of montage which has been told that thats what made his films. 5. David Fincher is an American film director known for his dark stylish thrillers such as Seven, Fight Club, The Game andmore recently The girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Finchers films are always at the leading edge of film making due to hislighting and editing styles.When David Fincher came aboutthere was the software to editdigitally therefore he didnt needto keep going through the cutand stick method. There are a lotof bonuss to editing digitally asyou have a lot of effects andtransitions including commonbits like fade andblack and white. Editing digitally also means you can easily go and re shoot bits ifneeded which you couldnt have done if you were editing with the cut and stickmethod. 6. Joining images is an editing form that creates a meaning.Alfred Hitchcock has some great example of this. Take Psycho forexample at about 43 seconds in the clip below you see howjoining images can create tension in the scene.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bieIiX5KLQ 7. When controlling tempo editors will usually control the length of shot aslong shots will slow down the pace of a scene and short takes quicken thepace. Romance use long scenes a lot whereas action uses quick scenes aseverything move much faster. The average shot length used to be between5.15 or 5.20 where as studies have suggested that shots have gained paceand the average shot length is now somewhere between 4.75 and 7.80seconds.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vThuwa5RZU - Casablancahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGCMfprPJoA Sherlock HolmesThese clip from casablanca and Sherlock Holmes are good examples of howthe length of can slow down or speed up the pace of scenes 8. Another way editors change the tempo is by using shot transitions.The most common of these transitions are Cut from a to b which is just a simple movement using no dazzle effect this is shown in the clip from eastenders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttsYAZ05JlY. Cut from a to b will quicken a scene so is often used in action. Fade in/fade out which is when the screen dips to either black or white before returning to the next cut. Dissolve which is done by overlapping the shots. The main reason someone would use a dissolve transition would be to show a connection between two places. You could also use it in a flash back or dream sequence.A scene with long takes can often also suggest a sudden change in mood so it doesnt always haveto be short takes. 9. Fades change the pace in films as they slow down the scene soarent really used in scenes that action occur. Fades arent verycommon in films for this reason but some films will use them tointroduce a scene such as a memory, fantasy or dream. 10. Timing of shot can be cut away to emphasis a reaction or response tosomething for example it could start of with a two shot then cut to close up fora facial expression of a character, another example would be cutting from aclose up to a long shot. This is used in the same example as I gave for joining ofimages http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bieIiX5KLQ. 11. Attribute to editing Techniques used in Notorious Medium shot (romantic intimacy) Collagevs. Close up (disappointment) The cut abruptly changes the Tempopace of the conversation; As Alicia and Delvins words become more heated, the scene relies on shorter takes Timing Cut to close up of Alicia coincides with Delvins line I bet youve heard that line enough 12. Narrative describes a sequence of events there for narrative sequencing isuse a lot in film and TV. Some films jumble up the narrative which is calledMadias res this term is used in the film Fight club for example.Linear editing is also used a lot in films as it tells the story as it happens, thisis the most common in Hollywood films, although most films now use it.Linear editing is basically a sequence going from beginning to end. 13. Condensing time - Collages use condensed time as the director doesnt wantto drag it to the actual time represented. The scene in Spiderman where he isthinking of a costume uses condensed editing as it speeds up hours, days oryears in the characters live.Expanding time Sometimes an editor or director will want to drag out thescene beyond the actual time represented, for an example there may be agroup of people sat around when a bomb goes off but before the bomb goesoff there will be lots of other shots going on for example some of the bombticking and some of the people but in actual time the bomb would go off andeveryone would die and that would be it. 14. Media Res As I mentioned while talking about Editing and Timing media res is whenthe story or narrative is all jumbled up.Flashbacks Flash backs are basically images from the past for example someonecould be doing something in the present when suddenly its interrupted by images thathave taken place in the past.Flash-forwards Its uncommon for flash forwards to occur in films as they can bereally confusing and are only really understood when the event has happened in theactual time. A good example of this is easy rider (Captain America is interrupted as hetalks by a shot of burning debris on the side of the road. Only later will viewers realisethat the debris is from CA motorcycle crash at the end of the film) 15. Time and SpaceEditing draws the viewers attention to the detail need to make the scene for example in theclose up used in this clip of the very first close up the close up makes the scene moreunderstandable as it may be confusing without it -http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2X_BZpnWFc.Another example of how the editing draws the viewers attention to the detail is Return of theking. The editing follows the lightening of the Pyres across a mountain range in a majestic callof arms. This makes the viewer notice a number of things: Characters gaze Group dynamics of a scene The mood of a conversation 16. Shot reverse shotA shot reverse shot is used a lot in film as it can show a conversation betweentwo people or even one person speaks while the other just sits and listens.Most shot reverse shots use an over the shoulder shot to see the speaker so itdoesnt look like the actors speaking to the camera. A good example of shotreverse shot is the scene in love actually with the carol singers.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFnSgPC-VXA 17. Eye line shot is a shot that looks like its out of the viewer vision. This draws the viewers into the characters thought process and emotional state. For example if someone had taken something that may effect their head an eye line shot may show this by going out of focus or shakey.Cutaways are different in the way that cutaways arent character centered, the on screen appearance of an object does not depend on the character seeing it in the previous shot. 18. Continuity is the process of cutting to keep the flow of the shot together asfluidly as possible not showing the whole footage. This would include thingssuch as: Wardrobe Lighting Audio Movement Props And other elements. 19. The 180 degree rule says the cameras should remain on the same side of animaginary line. The rule enforces continuity of the film. For example if yourfilming someone running from the right side of the frame to the left side thenext shot has to be from the same side so the runner is again running fromthe right to left.