Line Up and Wait

Federal AviationAdministrationLine Up and Wait

LUAW

(Formerly TIPH)

Taxi Authorization &

Runway Clearance

Guidance for Airmen

Federal AviationAdministration

2Line Up And Wait - LUAW

2010

Objective: Review and Consider Taxiing - General ATC Procedures and Phraseology Pilot Responsibilities Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ) Part 91 and Part 135 Single-Pilot

Procedures during Taxi Operations Use of SOP’s During Taxi Operations Runway Incursion Surveillance



2010

Taxiing - General

Approval must be obtained prior to moving an aircraft or vehicle onto the movement area during hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is in operation.

Taxiways

Ramp



2010

Taxiing – Communication Required

Always state your position on the airport when calling the tower for

taxi instructions.



2010

Taxiing – Movement Area

The movement area is normally described in local bulletins issued by the airport manager or control

tower. These bulletins may be found in FSS’s, fixed base operators offices, air carrier offices, and

operations offices.



2010

27

927

Apron – Non Movement Area

A 9 D 27B 9-27 C 9-27

250’

1,000

250’

1,000

9 E

Veh

icu

lar

entr

y p

oin

t

With Runway Hold Markings & Hold Position Signs

Taxiways - Movement Area

Runways – Runway Safety Area

Controlled Areas



2010

Taxi - Chart

NACO.faa.gov



2010

The Control Tower

Issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide ATC service due to nonvisibility or

other reasons.



2010

Clearance Required

Prior to taxiing on a runway, taking off, or landing during hours an Airport Traffic Control Tower is

in operation.



2010

Runway Hold MarkingIt Defines the Boundaries of the Runway Safety Area!

The Runway Hold Marking is the Most Critical Marking on Any Airport ……Towered or Non-Towered!

75% of ALL Pilot

Deviations Result From A

Failure to Comply With This Marking!



2010

Hol Marking Guidance dStop Solidly at Solid lines

STOP SOLIDLY AT THE SOLID LINES

DASH ACROSS

THE DASHED

LINES



2010

“Taxi and Ground Movement Operations…”

ATC will

issue the route

for the aircraft to follow on the movement area…



2010


This change establishes the requirement … explicit runway crossing clearance be issued…



2010


…and requires the aircraft to have crossed the previous runway … before another runway crossing clearance may be issued.



2010

ATC will specify…• Runway• Issue taxi instructions• Runway crossing clearances• Hold short instructions

When authorizing an aircraft to proceed on the movement area.



2010

ATC will issue hold short …

…of a runway

or other points

along the taxi route.



2010

Practice Question

What does this airport sign indicate?



2010

Taxiway Location Sign



2010

ATC Procedures & Phraseology

Air Traffic Controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read back of all runway hold short instructions.



2010


If a pilot is expected to hold short of a runway approach area or ILS holding position, ATC will issue instructions.



2010


ATC will normally withhold landing clearances on a runway while another aircraft is holding on the same runway.



2010


• ATC will issue traffic advisories to aircraft holding in position and to aircraft holding, departing, or arriving on an intersecting runway.



2010

AFTER LANDING:

The tower will issue the pilot specific instructions which will permit the aircraft to enter another taxiway, runway, or ramp area when required.



2010

AFTER LANDING:

Exit the runway without delay at the first available taxiway or on a taxiway as instructed by ATC. (AIM)

If No LAHSO: It’s Your Runway Full Length



2010

AFTER LANDING:

Pilots shall not exit the landing runway onto another runway unless

authorized by ATC.



2010

AFTER LANDING:

With operating control tower:

Pilots should not stop or reverse course on the runway without first obtaining ATC approval.

EXCEPT for Rejected Take off



2010

AFTER LANDING:

Taxi clear of the runway unless otherwise directed by ATC.



2010

AFTER LANDING:

In the absence of ATC instructions, the pilot is expected to taxi clear of the landing runway by taxiing beyond the runway holding position markings…



2010

AFTER LANDING:

When advised by the tower immediately change to ground control frequency and obtain a taxi clearance.



2010

AFTER LANDING:

Read back taxi instructions and runway crossing clearance…



2010

“The pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and

is the final authority as to the operation

of any aircraft”

Pilot Responsibility



2010

Practice Question

What do these taxiway centerline markings indicate?



2010

Answer



2010

Acknowledge All ClearancesEppley Airfield, Omaha, Nebraska



2010

No longer “taxi into position and hold”

“line up and wait…”



2010

No longer “taxi into position and hold”




2010

Taxi Into Position and hold




2010

Taxi Into Position and Hold




2010

When holding in position…

Pilot Responsibility



2010

Pilots operating single pilot aircraft



2010

Unfamiliar with the airport?



2010

Practice Question

What does this taxiway marking indicate



2010

Answer



2010

Light Gun Signals



2010

Color & Type of Signal

Steady Green

Movement of Vehicles

Aircraft on the Ground

Aircraft in Flight

Cleared Cleared Cleared to land

Flashing Green

Steady Red

Flashing Red

Flashing White

Alternating Red & Green

N/A Cleared Return for landing

STOP STOP Give way - circle

Clear taxiway/runway

Taxi clear of runway in use

Airport unsafe, do not land

Return to start point on airport

Return to start point on airport N/A

Exercise Extreme caution





2010

Steady Green

Movement of Vehicles, Equipment & Personnel

Cleared to cross proceed or go

Aircraft on the Ground –

Cleared for Takeoff

Aircraft in Flight –

Cleared to Land



2010

Flashing Green


Not applicable


Cleared for Taxi


Return for landing ( to be followed by steady green at the proper time)



2010

Steady Red


STOP


STOP


Give way to other aircraft and continue circling



2010

Flashing Red


Clear the taxiway/runway


Taxi clear of the runway in use


Airport unsafe, do not land



2010

Flashing White


Return to starting point on airport


Return to starting point on airport


Not Applicable



2010

Alternating Red and Green


Exercise Extreme Caution







2010

Taxi During Low visibility



2010

FOG



2010

When low visibility conditions exist



2010

Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ)

Must be clear when:• An aircraft on vertically guided final apch• Within 2 NM of the runway threshold• AND - Reported ceiling is below 250 feet• OR – Visibility less than ¾ SM • OR – Runway Visual Range below 4,000 ft



2010

Precision Obstacle Free Zone



2010

Sign Standards for POFZ



2010

Airport Marking for POFZ



2010

Part 91 & 135 Single-PilotProcedures during Taxi Operations

Advisory Circular 91-73 A

1. Planning

2. Situational Awareness

3. Use of Written Taxi Instructions

4. ATC/ Pilot Communication

5. Taxiing



2010

Standard Operating Proceduresfor Runway Incursion Prevention



2010

Use of SOP’s During Taxi



2010

Situational Awareness

• The location of the aircraft

•Weather

•Traffic

•The clearance from Air Traffic Control ATC

•All other factors that affect the safety of flight



2010

Pre-Taxi/Departure Briefing



2010

After taxi clearance has been received

Determine:

• Runway assigned

• Any Restrictions

• Taxi Route

If in doubt, seek clarification from ATC.



2010

Observe “Sterile Cockpit”

Especially While Taxiing



2010

Observe “Sterile Cockpit”

Especially While Taxiing



2010

Airport Diagram

Have Airport Diagram

out and ready

for use.



2010

When approaching an active runway

• Verify compliance with hold short or crossing clearance.

• Discontinue other tasks, programming GPS or Flight Management System FMS or company radio calls.



2010

“Look Both ways…”



2010

Runway Incursion Surveillance

Read back all clearances/ instructions to: • Enter a specific runway• Hold Short of a Runway• Taxi onto runway for “line up and wait”• Include the Runway designator.



2010


Do Not :

acknowledge instructions

or clearances

by using call sign

and “Roger” or “Wilco”



2010


Make your aircraft more conspicuous…



2010


Be vigilant when instructed to taxi onto a runway for “line up & wait”:

• At night• During Reduced Visibility• Scan full length of the Runway• Scan for aircraft on final approach when

taxiing onto a runway either end or intersection.

• Contact ATC with concerns.



2010

“line up and wait” for a reason

Be vigilant :• Wake Turbulence• Traffic on an intersecting Runway• Another aircraft is on the runway• You should expect an imminent takeoff

clearance, unless advised of a delay.• Contact ATC with concerns.



2010

“line up and wait” when traffic is a factor

Be vigilant :• The tower is required to inform you of

the closest traffic that is cleared to land.• Touch and go• Stop and Go• Or Low approach on the same runway• Note position of that aircraft & elapsed

time while waiting for takeoff clearance



2010


NOTE:

FAA analysis of accidents and incidents involving aircraft holding in position

indicate TWO MINUTES

or more elapsed between the time

the instruction was issued

and the resulting event



2010


To signal Intent – Turn on lights



2010


At night use edge lights to distinguish between taxiways (blue) and runways (white)



2010

Verify Compass heading

confirm proper runway or taxiway selection.



2010

Monitor assigned Tower Frequency



2010

Related Publications

• AC 91-73A Single-Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations

• AC 120-74 Flight crew Procedures During Taxi Operations

• Notice JO 7110.528 Taxi and Ground Movement Operations



2010

Related Publications

• AC 90-42 Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports without Operating Control Towers

• AC 90-66 Recommended standard traffic patterns & practices for aeronautical operations at airports without operating control towers.

• NOTICE JO 7110.536 Line Up and Wait Operations (LUAW) Effective Sept 30, 2010



2010

Quality Customer Service The Central Region FAA Safety Team

(FAASTeam) is dedicated to

Quality Customer Service and

we would value your feedback.

Please provide your feedback at:

WWW. faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_

offices/avs/offices/afs/qms



2010

Thank You For Attending

Federal Aviation Administration Federal Aviation Administration Safety Team (FAASTeam)Safety Team (FAASTeam)

Thanks You for participating

Education

Line Up and Wait