Linked Data, the Semantic Web, and You

CHIPS Hermon High School 2015

Linked DataStructured Data on the Web

What is Linked Data

Linked Data refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web.

URIs - Uniform Resource IdentifiersHTTP - Hypertext Transfer ProtocolRDF - Resource Description Framework

Source: http://linkeddata.org/faq

URIsUniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify the name of a

resource. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) (commonly informally referred to as a web address, although the term is not defined identically) URL (uniform resource locator) is a subset of the URIs that include a network location.

Uniform Resource Name (URN) is a subset of URIs that include a name within a given space, but no location.

Image Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rodsenra/rest-representational-state-transfer-emc-brdc-internal-tech-talk

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.

RDFThe Resource Description Framework (RDF) data

model represents information as node-and-arc-labeled directed graphs. The data model is designed for the integrated representation of information that originates from multiple sources, is heterogeneously structured, and is represented using different schemata. RDF aims at being employed as a lingua franca, capable of moderating between other data models that are used on the Web.

Source: http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/#htoc16

Graph Database

Steven Roman

foaf: knows

foaf: publications

foaf: publications

Dragons in the Stacks

Cason Snow

RDF - Triples

RDF uses triples to describe resources.

Triples consist of a Subject, Predicate, and Object.Cason Snow knows Steven Roman.

http://www.library.umaine.edu/staff/snow.htm http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows https://dkpl.org/teens-tweens/

Serialization

Remember RDF is not a data format. It is a data model for describing resources.

To display RDF data on the Web it must be serialized though some kind of syntax.

RDF/XML and RDFa are standardized by the W3C but many other serializations are out there.

RDF/XML example1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

2 <rdf:RDF>

3 xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"

4 mlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">

5 <foaf:Person>

6 <foaf:name>Cason Snow</foaf:name>

7 <foaf:workplaceHomepage rdf:resource=”http://www.library.umaine.edu/staff/snow.htm”/>

8 <foaf:knows>

9 <foaf:Person>

10 <foaf:name>Steven Roman</foaf:name>

11 <foaf:workplaceHomepage rdf:resource=”https://dkpl.org/teens-tweens/”/>

12 </foaf:Person>

13 </foaf:knows>

14 </foaf:Person>

15 </rdf:RDF>

Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) example

@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .

a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Cason Snow" ; foaf:workplaceHomepage <http://www.library.umaine.edu/staff/snow.htm> ; foaf:knows [ a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Steven Roman" ] .

From HTML to Linked Data

<!-- A trilogy of books with numbered volumes. --><div> <p> The <strong>Lord of the Rings</strong> is an English-language fictional trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973). </p> <p> The books in the trilogy are: </p> <ul> <li>Vol. 1: The Fellowship of the Ring</li> <li>Vol. 2: The Two Towers</li> <li>Vol. 3: The Return of the King</li> </ul></div>

From HTML to Linked Data<!-- A trilogy of books with numbered volumes. --><div vocab="http://schema.org/"> <p typeof="Book" resource="#trilogy"> <link property="about" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1020337"> The <strong property="name">Lord of the Rings</strong> is an <span property="inLanguage" content="en">English-language</span> <span property="genre">fictional</span> trilogy by <span property="author" typeof="Person" resource="#author"> <link property="sameAs" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/95218067"> <span property="name" content="Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel)">J. R. R. Tolkien</span> (<span property="birthDate">1892</span>-<span property="deathDate">1973</span>). </span> <link property="hasPart" href="#book1"> <link property="hasPart" href="#book2"> <link property="hasPart" href="#book3"> </p> <p> The books in the trilogy are: </p> <ul> <li typeof="Book PublicationVolume" resource="#book1"> Vol. <span property="volumeNumber">1</span>: <link property="about" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1020337"> <link property="isPartOf" href="#trilogy"> <link property="author" href="#author"> <meta property="inLanguage" content="en"> <span property="name">The Fellowship of the Ring</span> </li>

HTML and Linked Data Example

OSDS

The OpenLink Structured Data Sniffer (OSDS) is a browser extension for Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera (with builds planned for Apple Safari, and Microsoft Edge) that unveils metadata oriented structured data embedded within HTML documents.

Benefits of RDF in Linked Data

1. By using HTTP URIs as globally unique identifiers for data items as well as for vocabulary terms, the RDF data model is

inherently designed for being used at global scale and enables anybody to refer to anything.

2. Clients can look up any URI in an RDF graph over the Web to retrieve additional information. Thus each RDF triple is part

of the global Web of Data and each RDF triple can be used as a starting point to explore this data space.

3. The data model enables you to set RDF links between data from different sources.

4. Information from different sources can easily be combined by merging the two sets of triples into a single graph.

5. RDF allows you to represent information that is expressed using different schemata in a single graph, meaning that you

can mix terms for different vocabularies to represent data.

6. Combined with schema languages such as RDF-Schema and OWL, the data model allows the use of as much or as little

structure as desired, meaning that tightly structured data as well as semi-structured data can be represented.

Source: http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/#htoc16

Why Linked Data

Linked Data provides a more generic, more flexible publishing paradigm which makes it easier for

data consumers to discover and integrate data from large numbers of data sources. In particular,

Linked Data provides:

• A unifying data model

• A standardized data access mechanism

• Hyperlink-based data discovery

• Self-descriptive dataSource: http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/#htoc22

Semantic WebBringing Data to the Web

What is the Semantic Web

The ultimate goal of the Web of data is to enable computers to do more useful work and to develop systems that can support trusted interactions over the network.

Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data.

Linked data are empowered by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and SKOS.

Source: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

Linked Data

The Semantic Web is a Web of data — of dates and titles and part numbers and chemical properties and any other data one might conceive of. RDF provides the foundation for publishing and linking your data.

Source: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

Vocabularies

At times it may be important or valuable to organize data. Using OWL (to build vocabularies, or “ontologies”) and SKOS (for designing knowledge organization systems) it is possible to enrich data with additional meaning, which allows more people (and more machines) to do more with the data.

Vocabularies are the contextless list of terms used

Ontologies provide the relationships and grammar to express relations between vocabulary terms

Source: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

Ontology Examples

Dublin Core - general metadataSchema.org - general metadataFriend of a Friend (FOAF) - people related termsOpen Geospatial Consortium - mapping datavCard - describing people and organizations

Query

Query languages go hand-in-hand with databases. If the Semantic Web is viewed as a global database, then it is easy to understand why one would need a query language for that data. SPARQL is the query language for the Semantic Web.

Source: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

Inference

Near the top of the Semantic Web stack one finds inference — reasoning over data through rules. W3C work on rules, primarily through Rule Interchange Format (RIF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), is focused on translating between rule languages and exchanging rules among different systems.

Source: http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

And YouBIBFRAME and Linked Data Library Projects

BIBFRAME

BIBFRAME (Bibliographic Framework Initiative) is a project by the Library of Congress to provide a foundation of bibliographic description for integration in the Web of Data.

● Differentiate clearly between conceptual content and its physical/digital manifestation(s)

● Unambiguously identify information entities (e.g., authorities)

● Leverage and expose relationships between and among entities

Uses RDF serialization.

BIBFRAME

The BIBFRAME Model consists of the following main classes:

Creative Work - a resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloging item.

Instance - a resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the Work.

Authority - a resource reflecting key authority concepts that have defined relationships reflected in the Work and Instance. Examples of Authority Resources include People, Places, Topics, Organizations, etc.

Annotation - a resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with additional information. Examples of such annotations include Library Holdings information, cover art and reviews.

Core BIBFRAME

Creative Work

The Work exists as a Web based control point that reflects both commonality of content between and among the various Instances associated with the Work as well as a reference point for other Works. Common properties of Works include contextual relationships to BIBFRAME Authorities related to the “subjectness” (Topic, Person, Place, Geographical, etc.) of the resource as well as the entities (Person, Organization, Meeting, etc.) associated with its creation. Works can relate to other Works reflecting, for example, part / whole relationships.

Instance

BIBFRAME Instances reflect an individual, material embodiment of a BIBFRAME Work that can be physical or digital in nature. A BIBFRAME Instance exists as a Web based control point that includes properties specific to the materialization as well as contextual relationships to appropriate BIBFRAME Authorities related to the publication, production, distribution of the material resource. Each BIBFRAME Instance is an instance of one and only one BIBFRAME Work.

Authorities

BIBFRAME Authorities are key authority concepts that are the target of defined relationships reflected in the Work and Instance. Example of BIBFRAME Authority Resources include People, Places, Topics, Organizations, etc. From a cataloging perspective Authorities provide a means for supporting disambiguation and synchronization around authoritative information. From a users perspective, BIBFRAME Authorities provide effective and efficient control points that can be used to help navigate and contextualize related BIBFRAME Works and Instances. BIBFRAME Authorities are not designed to compete or replace existing authority efforts but rather provide a common, light weight abstraction layer over various different Web based authority efforts to make them even more effective.

Annotation

Libraries generate, maintain and improve an enormous amount of high-quality data that is valuable well beyond traditional library boundaries. The Bibliographic Framework Initiative recognizes this by including as a goal the ability to “accommodate and distinguish expert-, automated-, and self-generated metadata, including annotations (reviews, comments) and usage data.” Rather than pre-define and limit our potential uses of this data, the BIBFRAME model provides the necessary scaffolding to allows this data to easily be annotated by libraries as well as third party users of this information.

Annotated BIBFRAME

BIBFRAME and MARC

BIBFRAME is not ready yet, and it will be a mixed environment for the near future.

Currently there is a tool to convert MARC to BIBFRAME. It changes fairly often as BIBFRAME develops.

Currently designed to be rules agnostic, but RDA is a major component.

FAST

Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST) is an enumerative, faceted subject heading schema derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). The purpose of adapting the LCSH with a simplified syntax to create FAST is to retain the very rich vocabulary of LCSH while making the schema easier to understand, control, apply, and use. The schema maintains upward compatibility with LCSH, and any valid set of LC subject headings can be converted to FAST headings.

Source: http://0-experimental.worldcat.org.library.metmuseum.org/fast/

FAST Linked Data

Linked Data is one of the underpinnings of the Semantic Web, the effort to make the meaning of information on the Web more understandable to computers. These Linked Data authorities are formatted using schema.org and SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System).

The FAST Authority file contains links to LCSH Authorities as will as other authoritative sources such as VIAF, GeoNames, and Wikipedia. We will continue to add other links where possible.

Source: http://0-experimental.worldcat.org.library.metmuseum.org/fast/

European Library

The European Library is an independent not-for-profit library services organisation supported by CENL, LIBER and CERL. The European Library importantly works to strengthen and support libraries across the continent. Member libraries benefit from a powerful, low-cost aggregation structure enabling a greater exposure of digital resources and bibliographic records. We collect, enrich and innovate with libraries' data and content for the widest possible dissemination.

The European Library's mission is to be THE open data hub for library data in Europe.

Additionally, The European Library partakes in projects to create useful tools and a pan-European infrastructure for librarians and researchers.

British National Bibliography

The BNB Linked Data Platform provides access to the British National Bibliography published as linked open data and made available through SPARQL services. Two different interfaces are provided: a SPARQL editor, and /sparql a service endpoint for remote queries. Alternatively, use the search box below to enter a plain text term.

The Linked Open BNB is a subset of the full British National Bibliography. It currently includes published books (including monographs published over time) and serial publications, representing approximately 2.8 million records.

Deutsche National Bibliothek

The German National Library is building a linked data service that in the long run will permit the semantic web community to use the entire stock of national bibliographic data, including all authority data. It is endeavouring to make a contribution to the global information infrastructure with this new data service and thus laying the foundations for modern commercial and non-commercial web services.

The German National Library is committed to making a significant contribution to ensuring the stability and reliability of the "linked data cloud" by providing data of high quality, most of which has been intellectually generated. The German National Library has been supplying its data in the RDF standard via the Linked Data Service since 2010. By offering RDF as an equal status export format, it allows users and user groups to re-use its data in a way which requires no knowledge of bibliographic formats.

Linked Data for Libraries

LD4LThe goal of the project is to create a Scholarly Resource Semantic

Information Store (SRSIS) model that works both within individual institutions and through a coordinated, extensible network of Linked Open Data to capture the intellectual value that librarians and other domain experts and scholars add to information resources when they describe, annotate, organize, select, and use those resources, together with the social value evident from patterns of usage.

Further resources

ReadingBIBFRAME

PrimerXMLRDF

EducationW3Schools XML TutorialStructured data with schema.org codelabSemantic Web Primer

Contact information

Cason SnowMetadata Librarian/CatalogerUniversity of Maine207-581-1670