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Credible baseline setting and accurate and transparent Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of results are key conditions for successful REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) projects, and there are various international standards to which REDD projects must comply. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Manuel Estrada gives an overview of international standards and methods for MRV and REDD. Manuel Estrada gave this presentation on 8 March 2012 at a workshop organised by CIFOR, ‘Measurement, Reporting and Verification in Latin American REDD+ Projects’, held in Petropolis, Brazil. The workshop aimed to explore important advances, challenges, pitfalls, and innovations in REDD+ methods — thereby moving towards overcoming barriers to meeting MRV requirements at REDD+ project sites in two of the Amazon’s most important REDD+ candidate countries, Peru and Brazil. For further information about the workshop, please contact Shijo Joseph via s.joseph (at) cgiar.org
Citation preview
Linking international
standards to REDD+ projectsManuel Estrada, CIFOR
Latin American MRV Workshop, Petropolis, March 8, 2012
International standards and methods forREDD+
IPCC GL 2006 + IPCC LULUCF GPG
Voluntary market
Standards and
methodologies
VCS,
ACR,
etc
Project level –
Jurisdictional level
UNFCCC
Results-based
REDD+
National level –
(Subnational
level)
REDD+ project types
� REDD:
� Avoided Planned Deforestation (APD)
� Avoided Unplanned Deforestation and Degradation (AUDD)
� Improved Forest Management (IFM)
� Afforestation, Reforestation and Revegetation (?)
VCS Approved methodologies applicable to
AUDD REDD projects as of March 2012
VM0006 - Methodology for Carbon Accounting in Project Activities that Reduce Emissions from
Mosaic Deforestation and Degradation, v1.0
VM0007 - REDD Methodology Modules (REDD-MF), v1.1
VM0009 - Methodology for Avoided Mosaic Deforestation of Tropical Forests, v1.1
VM0015 - Methodology for Avoided Unplanned Deforestation, v1.0
Basic elements and steps for AUDD baselines
• REDD+ baselines are comprised of 2 main elements: a land use and land
cover (LU/LC) change component and the associated carbon stock change
component.
• General steps for the estimation of REDD+ baselines:
Step 1. Definition of the project type
Step 2. Definition of the project boundary
Step 3. Projection of LU/LC in the baseline
Step 4. Estimation of baseline carbon stock changes
Step 5. Estimation of baseline GHG emissions
Step 6. Estimation of the baseline net GHG emissions and removals
Project boundaries
The project boundary is defined by:
�The geographical boundary within which the project will be implemented.
Only land qualifying as ‘forest’ for a minimum of 10 years prior to the
project start date can be included in the project boundary.
�Additionally, other geographical boundaries need to be established for AUDD
projects: A Reference Region, a Leakage Belt and, if applicable, Leakage
Prevention areas
�The project crediting period. The project crediting period for REDD projects
shall be between 20 and 100 years.
�The sources and sinks, and associated types of GHGs (i.e. CO2, N2O and
CH4), the project will affect.
�The carbon pools that the project will consider.
Characteristics of the RR in differentAUDD methodologies
So
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e: “
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Leakage belts in different AUDD methodologies
Source: “Project Developer’s Guidebook to VCS REDD Methodologies”. Version 1.0, November 2011, developed by
TerraCarbon for Conservation international
Projection of LU/LC in the baseline
�Identify where deforestation would likely occur using spatial analysis and
projections based on historical factors over at least the previous 10 years that
explain past patterns and can be used to make future projections of deforestation.
�The criteria and procedures for identifying alternative baseline scenarios shall take
into account such factors as historical deforestation and/or degradation rates and
require the development of a baseline by determining and analyzing a reference
that shall be similar to the project area in terms of drivers and agents of
deforestation and/or degradation, landscape configuration, and socio-economic
and cultural conditions
RS required by AUDD methodologies forthe LU/LC projection
So
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Estimation of baseline C stock changes
The calculation of emission factors from carbon stock changes comprises 2 steps:
� Step 1. Estimation of the carbon stocks of the forests and each post-deforestation
LU/LC category identified in the project area
� Step 2. Determination of emission factors of all LU/LC change categories
expected in the project area:
� The emission factors due to the transition from forest to other LU/LC
categories are estimated by obtaining the difference between the carbon
stocks in the forest and in the post-deforestation LU/LC category.
C stock estimates in AUDD methodologies
So
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e: “
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ject
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ide
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Simplified example – Estimating an AUD Baseline
1. Definition of boundaries
2. Analysis of historical LU/LC change
3. Analysis of agents, drivers and causes of D and chain of events leading to D
4. Projection of annual areas and location of D in the RR in the baseline
5. Identification of forest classes in areas that would be D in the baseline and post D LU classes in the project area
6. Estimation of baseline C stock changes and non-CO2 from fires (if any)
Non-forest
Forest
Historical deforestation (e.g. 2002-2011)
Projected deforestation (e.g. 2012-2021)
Reference Region
Project boundary
Leakage prevention areas
Leakage belt
Forest 100tC/ha
Agriculture 5tC/ha
C stock change: -95tC/ha
Base
d o
n the V
CS
appro
ved m
eth
odolo
gy V
M0015
Combined projects
� Project developers may implement multiple activities across a landscape in connection with a REDD project, for example, carrying outforest protection in one area with complementary improvedagricultural management activities in another. Project developers mayeither:
� Develop the project as a stand-alone REDD activity, being sure toaccount for any increases in emissions resulting from activitiesimplemented outside the project area, unless deemed de minimis, or
� Combine multiple activities under a single VCS Project Description (PD), each delineated as a separate VCS project activity.
� When combining multiple activities under a single VCS project, different activities must be segregated spatially (i.e. no overlap) tofacilitate accounting by activity type using an activity-specificmethodology, or a methodology that covers multiple activities(currently none exists).
Results-based REDD+ under the UNFCCC
� Parties need to establish REDD+strategies, MRV and baselines
� Subnational allowed as an “interim” measure
� Subnational results-based actions require national monitorin
� Methodological guidance and modalities and procedures are still being negotiated.
Approval
National
government
Subnational
governmentsAggregator
Successful REDD+ activities
Re
fere
nce
le
vels
, M
RV
an
d
Ince
nti
ves
at
the
na
tio
na
l le
vel
Policies and
programs
“REDD+ units”
Rest of the country´s
forest areas
MRV reports
UNFCCC
Review body
MRV reports
• Jurisdictional and Nested REDD Initiative
� Developing guidance and criteria for jurisdictional REDD programs to enable crediting at multiple scales (project, state/province and national)
� Create a pathway for projects to “nest” within larger scale jurisdictional programs (both sub-national and national)
� Develop best practice nested accounting and crediting at jurisdictional scales
� Frameworks may serve multiple markets (voluntary, bilateral, pre-compliance, potentially compliance)
� Interest and participation from a number of countries and donors seeking to set up jurisdictional and/or nested project crediting schemes
VCS Jurisdictional & Nested REDD Initiative
9 March 2012
Current thinking
� Multiple accounting and crediting pathways to give flexibility
� Scenario 1: Project crediting only (with jurisdictional baseline)
� Scenario 2: Jurisdictional and project crediting
� Scenario 3: Jurisdictional crediting only
� “Nesting” can occur at multiple scales
� Project within jurisdiction
� Subnational jurisdiction within national jurisdiction
9 March 2012
Simplified visual representation….
VCS
Registry
?
?
VCS
Registry
VCS
Registry
= jurisdictional BL only = VCS credited project = jurisdictional BL & crediting = jurisdiction “credited” project
Scenario 1: Jurisdictional baseline with stand alone
project crediting
Scenario 2: Jurisdictional crediting scheme with direct crediting to nested activities
Scenario 3: Jurisdictional crediting scheme with
internal allocation program
Note: Only 1 jurisdictional scale is shown. Grandfathering is not depicted
Buffer Buffer Buffer
9 March 2012
Developing a nested system
� Requires addressing technical issues such as:
� Defining boundaries
� Developing and nesting baselines (inc. scope, pools, additionality, updating)
� Grandfathering
� Leakage
� MRV
� Crediting (inc. timing, distribution, double counting)
� Reversals and force majeure (inc. crediting implications in nesting)
� Requires addressing other issues such as:
� Legal issues
� Safeguards
� Approvals
9 March 2012
Process and Timeline
� Advisory and Technical Committees convened in Q1 2011
� Technical Recommendations released Oct 2011, peer and Advisory Committee review Oct-Nov 2011, currently under revision
� Draft guidance and requirements to be issued for public comment by end of 1st quarter of 2012
� Final release in mid-2012
� Phase Two: Pilots, 2012-
9 March 2012
Thank you.