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1
‘The Cult of the Amateur’
• Coined by Nicholas G Carr, October 2005 – h9p://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php
• Response to New‐Age rhetoric of Wired magazine’s Steven Levy and Kevin Kelly – ‘Free‐floaPng nePzens’ – ‘the language of rapture’
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‘The Trend Spo5er’
• ‘the idea of collecPve consciousness is becoming manifest in the Internet’ – Steven Levy, Oct 2005, h9p://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.10/oreilly.html
• Web 2.0 = parPcipaPon?
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‘We Are the Web’
• “The accrePon of Pny marvels can numb us to the arrival of the stupendous. … This view is spookily godlike … I doubt angels have a be9er view of humanity… Why aren't we more amazed by this fullness? … Only small children would have dreamed such a magic window could be real” – Kevin Kelly, Aug 2005, h9p://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/tech.html
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‘We Are the Web’
• “What we all failed to see was how much of this new world would be manufactured by users, not corporate interests.” – Ibid
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Blogging: the gi< economy?
• “I run a blog … for my own delight and for the benefit of friends. The Web extends my passion to a far wider group for no extra cost or effort….[My] site is part of a vast and growing gid economy, a visible underground of valuable creaPons ‐ text, music, film, sodware, tools, and services ‐ all given away for free. This gid economy fuels an abundance of choices. It spurs the grateful to reciprocate. It permits easy modificaPon and reuse, and thus promotes consumers into producers.” – Ibid
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Prosumers?
• Consumers into producers? – Alvin Toffler (1980, The Third Wave)
• ‘The electricity of parPcipaPon nudges ordinary folks to invest huge hunks of energy and Pme into making free encyclopedias, creaPng public tutorials for changing a flat Pre, or cataloging the votes in the Senate.’ – Kelly, 2005
• Mass producPon Mass innovaPon
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The Infinite Album
• “I'd love to put out an album that you could edit and mix and layer directly in iTunes. We did a remix project on a Web site a few years back where we put up the tracks to a song and let people make their own versions. There was something really inspiring about the variety and quality of the music that people gave back. In an ideal world, I'd find a way to let people truly interact with the records I put out – not just remix the songs, but maybe play them like a videogame.” – Beck, Sept 2006, h9p://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.09/beck.html
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New forms of collaboraFon
• 21st century • Mass collaboraPon
• DemocraPc parPcipaPon
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Wisdom of crowds?
• Crowds be9er at decision making than small groups of experts – Sir Francis Galton – Plymouth, 1906 – Guess weight of oxen – Crowd more accurate taken as a whole than individual experts
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We‐think?
• Sharing of informaPon via Internet – improves creaPvity
– improves ideas – improves innovaPon – improves democracy
– h9p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiP79vYsro
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Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecPve problem solving
– cheap!
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Wikinomics?
• Peer producPon improves business – openess – peering – sharing – acPng globally
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Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecPve problem solving
– cheap!
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Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecPve problem solving
– cheap!
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Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecPve problem solving
– cheap!
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Crowdsourcing?
• How do you count the stars? • h9p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7894071.stm
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Organising without organisaFons
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The power of the crowd?
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Power of the crowd?
• Facebook ToS February 2009 – h9p://consumerist.com/5150175/facebooks‐new‐terms‐of‐service‐we‐can‐do‐anything‐we‐want‐with‐your‐content‐forever
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Other examples of collecFve producFon
• BitTorrent swarms • Second Life • Distributed compuPng • Google search • Li9leBigPlanet • Podzilla • PSP‐Hacks • Lego Mindstorms
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Wikipedia in figures
• 2001: 15,000 arPcles • 2009: 2.7 million+ arPcles • 1 million+ registered users • 100,000 users posted 10+ arPcles • 75,000 regular editors • 5,000 hardcore maintain site • 5 paid staffers – See Tapsco9 & Williams, 2008: 72; h9p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Wikipedia
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Wikipedia: how big is the crowd?
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Wikipedia
Staff
Hardcore contributors
Casual users
Regular contributors
Link editor
Fact editor Text
editor
Image editor
The Web 2.0 backlash
• Andrew Keen: the anP‐christ of Silicon Valley • CriPcal of: – Google – Blogs – YouTube – Wikipedia
– P2P – etc
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Google search
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Search for…
• White House …
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Search for…
• Miserable failure • Google bombing
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Wisdom of crowds?
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QuesFons
1. Is Web 2.0 a democraPsing force or should we be scepPcal of such claims?
2. Do the benefits of ‘crowdsourcing’ outweigh its problems?
3. Does mass parPcipaPon benefit business and culture alike?
4. Are the crowd an effecPve resource? 5. Is the future one of mass
collaboraPon?
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