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MEDICAL ENGLISH 1
Autores:
Verónica Clavijo Bazalar.
Fernando Cornejo Sánchez.
Medical English 1 Page 1
Booking a Doctor's Appointment
Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you?
Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris.
Receptionist: Do you know your chart number?
Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now.
Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please?
Caller: George Mason.
Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please.
Caller: Sure.
Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about?
Caller: Well, I am fighting a cold these days, and I think I have a chest infection or something. My
cough is getting worse each day.
Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait until Wednesday?
Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel bad
Receptionist: No problem, I will help you.
Check your understanding
1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?
a) He's running late for his appointment.
b) He's booking an appointment with Dr.
Harris.
c) He can't remember his chart number.
d) His medication ran out.
UNIT
1
Medical English 1 Page 2
2. Which is true about George Mason?
a) He has a bad cold.
b) He's running a fever.
c) His cough is better.
d) He's off on a sick day.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
TO HAVE
Affirmative statements
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT
I You We They
have have have have
fever a cold stiff neck a sunburn
He She It
has has has
fever a cold a stiff neck
Medical English 1 Page 3
1. Have a headache
2. Have an earache
3. Have a toothache
4. Have a stomachache
5. Have a backache
6. Have a sore throat
7. Have fever
8. Have a cold
9. Have a cough
10. Have a virus
11. Have an infection
12. Have a rash
13. Have an insect bite
14. Have a sunburn
15. Have a stiff neck
16. Have a runny nose
17. Have a bloody nose
18. Have a cavity
19. Have a wart
20. Have (the) hiccups
21. Have (the) chills
22. Have cramps
23. Have diarrhea
24. Have chest pain
25. Have shortness of breath
26. Have laryngitis
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
I You We They
do not / don’t have have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck a sunburn
He She It
does not / doesn’t
have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck
Medical English 1 Page 4
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS
AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK
Do I you we they
have have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck a sunburn
?
Does he she it
have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck
?
“WH” QUESTION
WORDS
AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK
How often do I you we they
have have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck a sunburn
?
When Why
does does
he she it
have have have
fever a cold a stiff neck
?
Medical English 1 Page 5
TO BE
27. Be faint/weak
28. Be dizzy
29. Feel nauseous
30. Be bloated
31. Be congested
32. Be exhausted
TYPE OF SENTENCE SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB NEGATIVE FORM COMPLEMENT
+ I am a patient.
+ You are a physician.
- She is not insane.
- We are not swollen.
? Is he weak.
? Are they vitamins?
Medical English 1 Page 6
OTHER VERBS
33. Cough
34. Sneeze
35. Wheeze
36. Burp
37. Vomit/throw up
38. Bleed
39. Twist
40. Sprain
41. Dislocate
42. Scratch
43. Scrape
44. Bruise
45. Burn
46. Break
47. Hurt
48. Cut
49. Swell
50. Itch
Medical English 1 Page 7
ACTIVITIES
A. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.
affirmative sentences
negative sentences
interrogative sentences
1) She has a cold or allergies (?)
_______________________________________________________________________
2) They sneeze every minute (-)
__________________________________________________________________
3) My sister doesn’t cough (+)
________________________________________________________________________
4) My husband is dizzy (?)
________________________________________________________________________
5) Does he feel nauseous? (+)
__________________________________________________________________
6) His brother is exhausted (-)
_________________________________________________________________
7) You aren’t a good dentist (?)
_______________________________________________________________________
8) I don’t wait for anybody (+)
_________________________________________________________________
+
-
?
Medical English 1 Page 8
9) It itches badly (-)
_____________________________________________________________________
10) They aren’t here (+)
________________________________________________________________
B. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1. in / friends / I / have / don’t / class/ this / many.
________________________________________________________________
2. hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. aren’t / These / your / patients.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. need / I / a / don’t / psychologist
_____________________________________________________________________
5. burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often
_______________________________________________________________
C. FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.
1. He don’t eat fish __________________________________________________
2. The children is tired _____________________________________________
3. My patients isn’t there ____________________________________________
4. We has a sunburn and you feel nauseus ________________________________
5. Do she work in those medical facility? ____________________________________
Medical English 1 Page 9
Medical Specialists
Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specific parts of the body,
such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certain diseases, such as AIDS. Family
doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each
medical issue. In many cases, specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see
a patient.
Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and then check your
understanding by taking the quiz.
Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies
Anesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgery
Cardiologist: heart specialist
Chiropractor: back specialist
Dentist: tooth specialist
Dermatologist: skin specialist
Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnant
Gynecologist: specializes in women's needs
Massage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxation
Midwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural way
Naturopath: specializes in natural cures and remedies
Neurologist: brain specialist
Obstetrician: specialist for pregnant women
Occupational therapist: specializes in workplace health
Oncologist: tumor specialist, including cancer
Ophthalmologist: specializes in eye diseases
Pediatrician: specialist for babies and children
Medical English 1 Page 10
Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement
Podiatrist: foot specialist
Psychiatrist: specialist in mental health
Radiologist: specializes in imaging tests
ACTIVITIES
A. Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patient needs.
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also might be
grass.
a) chiropractor
b) ophthalmologist
c) allergist
d) psychiatrist
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to know
when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy.
a) podiatrist
b) pediatrician
c) obstetrician
d) pharmacist
3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck in a
wheelchair.
a) anesthesiologist
b) physical therapist
c) radiologist
d) dentist
4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer.
a) oncologist
b) neurologist
c) midwife
d) allergist
5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two weeks
now.
a) podiatrist
b) massage therapist
c) ophthalmologist
d) radiologist
Medical English 1 Page 11
6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I do need
some sort of pain relief.
a) naturopath
b) dentist
c) cardiologist
d) dermatologist
7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing.
a) gynecologist
b) cardiologist
c) oncologist
d) dermatologist
8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what to do
now.
a) massage therapist
b) podiatrist
c) occupational therapist
d) dermatologist
9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she keeps
getting ear infections.
a) anesthesiologist
b) pediatrician
c) midwife
d) massage therapist
10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have tried everything
that the books suggest.
a) fertility specialist
b) oncologist
c) psychiatrist
d) dentist
B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.
X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;
cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.
Medical English 1 Page 12
Head
Read the text below and answer the questions
Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalp is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are the teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. At the bottom of a person's face is the chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks and chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body.
1. Where is the brain?
___________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the forehead?
___________________________________________________________________
UNIT
2
Medical English 1 Page 13
3. Where are the lips?
__________________________________________________________________
4. What can you do with your teeth?
__________________________________________________________________
5. Where are the ears?
__________________________________________________________________
6. Where is the chin located?
__________________________________________________________________
7. Where is the jaw located?
_________________________________________________________________
Present Progressive
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
action happening now action in the future
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT
+ I am examining a patient.
+ You are prescribing the medicine
- She is not sleeping in the hospital.
- We are not coughing
? Is he vaccinating the children?
? Are they taking vitamins?
ACTIVITIES
A. Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.
1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.
2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.
3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.
4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.
Medical English 1 Page 14
5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.
6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.
7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?
8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.
9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.
10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?
B. Decide which of the choices below would best complete the article if inserted in the
blanks. Circle the appropriate letters.
Too Much Fast Food?
According to a recent survey, these days Hong Kong consumers (1)_______ more money on
convenience foods since the economic downturn. Because companies are trying to make more
with fewer staff, employees (2) ________ harder than ever before. More women (3)__________
the workforce as well. They (4) _________less time to prepare nutritious home-cooked meals for
their families. Instead, families (5)_________ out or (6) ________ convenience foods, such as
frozen pizzas and instant noodles. These foods (7) …………more fat, salt and sugar than home-
cooked meals. Experts say that eating too much of them (8)………… the risk of serious health
problems, including diabetes and heart disease.
However, the current trend towards convenience foods (9) ………benefitting some business
sectors. Supermarkets (10)………….. to the higher demand for quick, easy-to-serve meals by
increasing their selection of convenience and pre-packaged foods. These products (11) ………. for
higher prices than fresh food. Restaurants also (12)…………. from the trend: most Hong Kong
people now (13)………… out at least once a day.
Is convenience food just a fad or is home-cooked food (14)…………. a thing of the past?
How (15) …………………….this trend affecting our health? 1. A are spending B spends C spend 2. A work B works C are working
3. A joins B are joining C join 4. A has B have C had
Medical English 1 Page 15
5. A are eating B eats C eat 6. A bought B buys C buy 7. A containing
B contains C contain 8. A increase B increasing C increases 9. A is B are C be
10. A respond B responded C are responding 11. A sells B are sold C sell 12. A profit B are profiting C profits 13. A eat B ate C were eating 14. A become B became C becoming
15. A does B is C have
C. Supplies and Tools. Here is a list of some of the most common supplies found in doctor's offices, operating rooms, and medical kits. Study the vocabulary and try the matching exercise.
1. Antiseptic a) thin, netted material used for dressing wounds 2. Bandage b) an instrument used to check a person's body temperature 3. Forceps c) liquid used to sterilize (clean) the surface of the skin 4. Gauze d) a cylinder-shaped piece that attaches to a needle and can be filled with liquid
5. Microscope e) a cloth covering that is placed over a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and infection
6. Oxigen mask f) glass cylinder that is filled with blood or other liquids and can be capped and placed in a storage area
7. Scales g) equipment that fits over the nose and mouth and supplies oxygen 8. Syringe h) instrument used during operations and medical procedures (assists the
doctor in pulling, holding, and retrieving) 9. Test tube i) a device that measures a person's weight 10. Thermometer j) equipment that makes small things appear larger than they are
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
http://www.hospitalenglish.com/flashcards/files/procedures_flash.pdf
Explain: take blood pressure, give a shot, listen to lungs, check ears, check eyes, start an IV, look at an MRI scan,
take temperature, take pulse, prep for surgery, operate, bandage, write in the chart, pay the bill, take the patient to...
Medical English 1 Page 16
Main Structures of the Digestive System
The digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. It
includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue
and teeth located in the mouth are accessory structures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and
pancreas are the other accessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes
into the digestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion.
Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food is chewed (broken
into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivary glands)
Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passes to esophagus.
Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movement passes food to
the stomach.
Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it gets mixed with the
hydrochloric acid and gastric juice.
Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and
ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed into the small intestine, where the
major part of the digestion occurs.
Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and is divisible into cecum,
colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption of food material takes place in large
intestine.
Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesis and secretion of
bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted from live is stored in gallbladder, from
which it flows into small intestine.
Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice.
UNIT
3
Medical English 1 Page 17
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS
CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
General rule The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter “s” to the end of the word.
NOUN + “-S” minute - minutes
When nouns end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z or s-like sounds
The plural is formed by adding “es”
NOUN + “-ES” church - churches box -boxes index -= indexes ( also indices) gas - gases bush - bushes ass -asses quiz – quizzes
Nouns ending in “o” When they are preceded by a consonant. Except: newly created words or words with Spanish or Italian origin.
NOUN + “-ES” NOUN + “-S”
potato - potatoes tomato – tomatoes volcano - volcanoes photo - photos piano - pianos portico - porticos
Noun ending in “y” When they are preceded by a consonant, they drop the “y” and add “ies” When they are preceded by a VOWEL, add a “s”
NOUN – “Y” +” IES” NOUN + “-S”
party - parties lady - ladies Boy - boys Toy - toys Ray – rays
Noun ending in “f” or “fe” Drop the “f” or “fe” and add “ves”
NOUN – “F” + VES NOUN – “FE” + VES
calf – calves half - halves wolf - wolves wife – wives
Nouns ending in “is” Drop the “-is” and add “-es”
NOUN – IS + ES crisis - crises hypothesis - hypotheses oasis - oases
Irregular plural Some nouns change their structure to form their plural form.
ODD PLURAL FORM child - children ox - oxen man – men woman - women person - people foot - feet tooth - teeth
Medical English 1 Page 18
mouse - mice louse - lice
Identical singular and plural form
Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.
NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraft fish - fish sheep - sheep deer - deer species - species headquarters - headquarters
Collective words or nouns associated with two parts.
These nouns exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb.
ONLY PLURAL FORM cattle scissors trousers tweezers congratulations pajamas
Compound nouns In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.
MAIN NOUN + -S court martial - courts martial son-in-law - sons-in-law passer-by - passers-by
Uncountable noun Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).
NO PLURAL FORM advice information luggage headquarters - headquarters news - news
Medical English 1 Page 19
CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
Latin or Greek origin These nouns maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural.
NOUN – US + I NOUN – ON + A NOUN - UM + A NOUN + E
nucleus = nuclei syllabus = syllabi focus = foci fungus = fungi cactus = cacti (cactuses is acceptable) phenomenon = phenomena criterion = criteria datum = data medium= media alumna = alumnae trachea=tracheae
NOTES:
Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rules that plural forms.
Medical English 1 Page 20
ACTIVITIES
1. PRONUNCIATION
A. Say the plural nouns. Then write them in the correct columns.
/S/ /Z/ /IZ/
actress box boy carrot class
dictionary girl house lemon notebook
roommate son state student watch
carrots _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
boys ______________ ______________ _____________
______________
actresses _____________
______________ ______________ ______________
B. Simple present tense conjugation. Say the third person conjugations. Then write them in
the correct columns.
/S/ /Z/ /IZ/ kiss watch study knock clean
work touch cough sneeze
like stay clear put
It knocks _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
She studies ______________ ______________ _____________
______________
He kisses _____________
______________ ______________ ______________
2. GRAMMAR
A. Write the s plural form of the following words.
1. thesis ____________
2. stimulus ____________
3. alumnus ____________
4. loaf ____________
5. medium ____________
6. crisis ____________
7. veto ____________
8. fireman ____________
9. diagnosis ____________
10. ox ____________
11. watch ______________
12. mountain ______________
13. louse ______________
14. family ______________
15. shelf ______________
16. cloud ______________
17. area ______________
18. photo ______________
19. home ______________
20. logo _______________
Medical English 1 Page 21
B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If that word cannot
be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter X.
1. man ______________
2. furniture ______________
3. experience ______________
4. Kennedy ______________
5. ski ______________
6. gas ______________
7. box ______________
8. peace ______________
9. cactus ______________
10. criterion ______________
11. baby ______________
12. memo ______________
13. work ______________
14. self ______________
15. applause ______________
16. dancing ______________
17. 1990 ______________
18. aluminum ______________
19. fax ______________
20. roof ______________
21. fish ______________
22. child ______________
23. difficulty ______________
24. knowledge ______________
25. goose ______________
26. video ______________
27. curriculum ______________
28. biology ______________
29. URL ______________
30. dish ______________
C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns.
1. mouth ______________
2. pharynx ______________
3. anus ______________
4. trachea ______________
5. pancreas ______________
6. enzyme ______________
7. duodenum ______________
8. cecum ______________
9. rectum ______________
10. bronchus ______________
D. What are MASS (NON-COUNT or UNCOUNTABLE) NOUNS?
Here is a list of MASS NOUNS for you to consider.
Can you count any of these things?
Do we use the plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing?
What do the things in the first column have in common? The second column?
Medical English 1 Page 22
wood
cloth
ice
plastic
wool
steel
aluminum
metal
glass
leather
porcelain
hair
dust
air
oxygen
water
milk
wine
beer
cake
sugar
rice
meat
cheese
flour
reading
boating
smoking
dancing
soccer
hockey
weather
heat
sunshine
electricity
biology
history
mathematics
economics
poetry
Chinese
Spanish
English
luggage
equipment
furniture
experience
applause
photography
traffic
harm
publicity
homework
advice
Medical English 1 Page 23
READING COMPREHENSION
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
Human Digestive System
How does food get digested?
Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken. Mechanical
alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscular contraction of stomach and
intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increases the surface area exposed to the enzymes
of digestive juices.
INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESS
Chemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involve cleaving of
complex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, and are brought about by the
action of enzyme.
Medical English 1 Page 24
Food Digestion Process
Food Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similar reactions. To
take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges and muscles use a current of
water; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells; planarians and earthworms use a muscular
pharynx; flukes and leeches use oral succer.
Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake and digestion of food
and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system, also called elementary system.
The digestive system consists of two sets of organs:
Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and helps in the
process of:
(i)An inlet, the mouth, to ingest food
(ii)A cavity, the lumen, where food is digested
(iii)A surface for the absorption of digested food
(iv)A space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces
(v)An outlet the anus for elimination of faeces.
Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures associated with the
different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into the digestive track their secretions which
contains enzyme and other materials to help in the digestion of food. Most of the alimentary
canal and certain digestive glands are supported and held in place by mesenteries, the double
sheets of peritoneum with a layer of connective tissues in between.
Summary for Food Digestion Process
The digestive system serves three major functions are:
1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to the body.
2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration in the
chordates.
3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is the elimination of
unwanted materials from the body.
Medical English 1 Page 25
QUESTIONS
1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Which is the final step of the digestion process?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How is the alimentary canal supported?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Matching
Match the numbers with the letters
1. Cleave a) excrement
2. Intake b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part
3. Lumen c) tube
4. Faeces d) the amount taken in
5. Canal e) divide
ON-LINE EXERCISES
The following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form.
Find mistakes
http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Fi
nd-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365
Plural forms
http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html
http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm
http://www.caihometype.com/course.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/pluraltext.htm#Irregula
Medical English 1 Page 26
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What is the respiratory system? Your respiratory system is made up of the organs in your body that help you to breathe. Remember, that respiration = breathing. The goal of breathing is to deliver oxygen to the body and to take away carbon dioxide.
Parts of the respiratory system
Lungs The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. In the lungs oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is breathed out. The red blood cells are responsible for picking up the oxygen in the lungs and carrying the oxygen to all the body cells that need it. The red blood cells drop off the oxygen to the body cells, then pick up the carbon dioxide which is a waste gas product produced by our cells. The red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide back to the lungs and we breathe it out when we exhale.
Trachea The trachea (TRAY-kee-uh} is sometimes called the windpipe. The trachea filters the air we breathe and branches into the bronchi.
Bronchi The bronchi (BRAHN-ky) are two air tubes that branch off of the trachea and carry air directly into the lungs.
UNIT
4
Medical English 1 Page 27
Diaphragm Breathing starts with a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs called the diaphragm (DY-uh-fram). When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts. When it contracts it flattens out and pulls downward. This movement enlarges the space that the lungs are in. This larger space pulls air into the lungs. When you breathe out, the diaphragm expands reducing the amount of space for the lungs and forcing air out. The diaphragm is the main muscle used in breathing.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Why Do I Yawn? When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN.
Why Do I Sneeze?
Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the many things that may cause you to sneeze.
What Causes Hiccups?
Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have no control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood could even have brought on the hiccups.
Simple Present / Negative and Interrogative Sentences
Type of sentence Subject Auxiliary (-) Base form of the verb Complement
- She He
does not / doesn’t
operate a patient
They You
do not/ don’t
take care of me
Medical English 1 Page 28
Type of sentence Auxiliary Subject Base form of the verb
Complement Question mark
? Does she he
operate a patient ?
Do they you
take care of me ?
Type of sentence “Wh” question words
Auxiliary Subject Base form of the verb
Complement Question mark
? Why Where
does does
she he
visit operate
a patient that boy
? ?
When How
Do Do
they You
take care heal
of me them
? ?
ON-LINE EXERCISES
Go to the following links to practice. http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htm
ACTIVITIES
A. Read carefully the following text.
I have a terrible stomachache.
Doctor: — Good morning. Please have a seat here. What´s the problem?
Paul Ryefield: — I have a terrible stomachache.
Doctor: — Do you have diarrhea?
Paul Ryefield: — Yes, I do.
Doctor: — Do you have any other symptoms?
Paul Ryefield: — Yes, I feel sick.
Doctor: — You mean you feel nauseous?
Paul Ryefield: — That´s right. I feel like vomiting. And right now I feel dizzy, too.
Doctor: — All right. Please take off your clothes to the waist and lie down there ... Just tell me if it
Medical English 1 Page 29
hurts when I do this.
Paul Ryefield: — It doesn´t hurt. ... Ouch. It hurts there.
Doctor: — Okay. Let´s hope it´s just indigestion, but we´ll need to run some diagnostic tests to be sure. We´ll run a blood test and we´ll also need a urine sample.
Paul Ryefield: — Can you give me something for the time being?
Doctor: — Yes, I´ll give you a prescription for indigestion tablets.
B. Write a dialogue using the interrogative and negative sentences. Use the
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C. VOCABULARY. Read the text then Work with a partner and match the term in column A with its contextual meaning in column B.
Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that produces severe discomfort and debilitation. Flu should not be confused with a cold. Influenza produces symptoms that require bed rest for several days. There are several types of influenza virus and all have certain characteristics: rapid transmission from person to person, an incubation period of few days, and symptoms that become severe in a short time. Symptoms are generally respiratory in nature but gastrointestinal involvement is common with certain types of influenza. Headache and painful respiration are usually the first symptoms. Within the first hours the body temperature increases and remains elevated for several days. Severe muscle aches, headache, weakness, and chest discomfort accompany the fever. Throat tenderness and episodes of coughing are present in most cases. Symptoms are severe for 3 to 5 days, and then subside slowly. Weakness and coughing may persist for 10 days to 2 weeks.
A B
1. debilitation 2. confuse 3. cold 4. require 5. severe 6. involvement 7. increases 8. remain 9. elevated 10. accompany 11. throat 12. tenderness 13. episodes 14. subside
a. abate / diminish b. acute / grave / critical c. complement / to go together with something d. event / occurrence e. higher than normal f. need or demand g. pharynx h. rhinovirus or coronavirus infection i. sensitive / painful j. to be mistaken for something else k. to be part of / to be included in l. to go up m. to incapacitate n. to stay / to continue being
D. READING COMPREHENSION.
Instructions: Work with a partner. Discuss each question in English and decide if the statements are T (true) or F (false.)
a. Influenza is caused either by virus or bacteria. T F b. The flu is the same thing as a cold. T F c. Fever is not a typical sign of the flu. T F d. Some patients may develop gastrointestinal troubles during influenza. T F e. Influenza is a very infectious disease. T F f. The incubation period for the flu is usually about one month. T F
Medical English 1 Page 31
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of
the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the
heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The
aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is
important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels
throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles.
On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs,
the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen
that we have inhaled through the lungs.
UNIT
5
Medical English 1 Page 32
Arteries
Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away
from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb.
The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner arteries are called arterioles. Arteries
carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries.
Veins
Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join
larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much
oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is
returned to the heart, it is under less pressure
Medical English 1 Page 33
Heart
Did you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into two sides. The
right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked
blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood
is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand
quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6 pints of
blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells floating in a liquid
called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured it into a test tube and then put
it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine
spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells,
from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid
parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the
other 5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.
Medical English 1 Page 34
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word.
Examples:
The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed.
Helen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers.
If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS I Me
You You
He Him She Her
It It
We Us
You You They Them
When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECT PRONOUNS (SP). Their
position is before verbs.
They have discovered the cure.
SP
We are wasting time.
SP
OBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions.
They fight cancer They fight it.
I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon I gave them to him
NOTE:
A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the noun it refers to
in the same clause.
Example
The administrators they are willing to discuss your queries.
Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding.
OP
OP
OP
Medical English 1 Page 35
Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns
DISTANCE SINGULAR PLURAL
NEAR This These
FAR That Those
This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further away in time or
space.
They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronounced in the same
clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns.
Example:
This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)
This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)
I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)
I don't like this. (PRONOUN)
That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)
That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)
Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)
Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)
These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)
These look good. (PRONOUN)
Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronouns
Possessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) and show that
there is a possession relation.
Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a
possession relation.
Medical English 1 Page 36
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
My Mine
Your Yours
His His Her Hers
Its Its
Our Ours Your Yours
Their Theirs
For example:
This is my book. (ADJECTIVE)
This is mine. (PRONOUN)
Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE).
Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)
This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE – PRONOUN)
The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)
NOTE
Read the following sentence
When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?
The possessive adjective "your" depends on the noun "car."
The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."
ACTIVITIES
A. Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.
a) Please help doctor Takashi.
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b) Peter loves chemistry
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c) Read page 104.
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d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho.
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e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa.
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B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation and capitalization.
a) lend / him / money / some / always / I
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b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to.
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c) them / she / help / some / gives / rarely.
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d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers
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e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessive pronouns
to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.
1. What’s the boy’s name? _____________ name is Ben Scott.
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2. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively.
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3. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben.
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4. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice.
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5. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white.
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6. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too.
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7. The Guptas have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great.
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8. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden.
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9. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.
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10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.
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11. The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.
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12. Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul.
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13. Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie.
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14. Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old.
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15. The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name is Trundle.
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D. GROUP EXERCISE.
Create a logical secrete message using at least ten abbreviations showed next pages.
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ABBREVIATIONS
This is partial list of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions.
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN
MEANING
Aa Ana of each
Ad Ad up to a.c. ante cibum before meals
a.d. auris dextra right ear
ad lib. ad libitum use as much as one desires; freely admov. Admove apply
Agit Agita stir/shake
alt. h. alternis horis every other hour
a.m. ante meridiem morning, before noon Amp Ampule
Amt Amount
Aq Aqua Water a.l., a.s. auris laeva, auris
sinistra left ear
A.T.C. around the clock
a.u. auris utraque both ears
Bis Bis twice b.d./b.i.d. bis in die twice daily
B.M. bowel movement
bol. Bolus as large as single dose(usually intravenously) B.S. blood sugar
B.S.A body surface areas
BUCC Bucca inside cheek cap., caps. Capsula capsule
c, c. Cum with (usually written with a bar on top of the"c")
cib. Cibus food
Cc cum cibo with food, (but also cubic centimeter) Cf with food
comp. compound
cr., crm cream CST continue same treatment
D5W dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written as D5W)
D5NS dextrose 5% in normal saline (0.9%) D.A.W. dispense as written (i.e., no generic substitution)
dc, D/C, disc discontinue
dieb. alt. diebus alternis every other day dil. dilute
disp. dispersible or dispense
div. divide
Medical English 1 Page 40
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN
MEANING
d.t.d. dentur tales doses give of such doses
D.W. water distilled
elix. elixir e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed
emuls. Emulsum emulsion
Et Et and Eod every other day
Ex aq ex aqua in water
fl., fld. fluid ft. Fiat make; let it be made
G gram
Gr grain gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)
H hypodermic
h, hr hora hour
h.s. hora somni bedtime ID intradermal
IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
inj. injectio injection IP intraperitoneal
IV intravenous
IVP intravenous push IVPB intravenous piggyback
L.A.S. label as such
LCD coal tar solution Lin linimentum liniment
Liq liquor solution
lot. lotion Mane mane in the morning
M. misce mix
m, min minimum a minimum
Mcg microgram m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed
mEq milliequivalent
Mg milligram mist. mistura mix
Mitte mitte send
mL milliliter nebul nebula a spray
N.M.T. not more than
noct. nocte at night non rep. non repetatur no repeats
NS normal saline(0.9%)
1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)
Medical English 1 Page 41
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN
MEANING
N.T.E. not to exceed
o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2 o.d. oculus dexter right eye
D.W. water distilled
elix. elixir e.m.p. ex modo prescripto as directed
emuls. emulsum emulsion
Et Et and Eod every other day
Ex aq ex aqua in water
fl., fld. fluid ft. fiat make; let it be made
G gram
Gr grain gtt(s) gutta(e) drop(s)
H hypodermic
h, hr hora hour
h.s. hora somni bedtime ID intradermal
IM Intramuscular (with respect to injections)
inj. injectio injection IP intraperitoneal
IV intravenous
IVP intravenous push IVPB intravenous piggyback
L.A.S. label as such
LCD coal tar solution Lin linimentum liniment
Liq liquor solution
lot. lotion Mane mane in the morning
M. misce mix
m, min minimum a minimum
Mcg microgram m.d.u. more dicto utendus to be used as directed
mEq milliequivalent
Mg milligram mist. mistura mix
Mitte mitte send
mL milliliter nebul nebula a spray
N.M.T. not more than
Medical English 1 Page 42
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN
MEANING
noct. nocte at night
non rep. non repetatur no repeats NS normal saline(0.9%)
1/2NS half normal saline(0.45%)
N.T.E. not to exceed o_2 both eyes, sometimes written as o2
o.d. oculus dexter right eye
o.p.d. once per day o.s. oculus sinister left eye
o.u. oculus uterque both eyes
oz ounce per per by or through
p.c. post cibum after meals
pig./pigm. pigmentum paint p.m. post meridiem evening or afternoon
PRN, prn pro re nata as needed
p.o. per os by mouth or orally
p.r. by rectum pulv. pulvis powder
PV per vaginam via the vagina
q quaque every q.a.d. quoque alternis die every other day
q.a.m. quaque die ante meridiem
every day before noon
q.d.s. quater die sumendus four times a day
q.p.m. quaque die post meridiem
every time after noon
q.h. quaque hora every hour q.h.s. quaque hora somni every night at bedtime
q.1h, q.1° quaque1 hora every 1 hour; (can replace “1” with other numbers)
q.d. quaque die every day q.i.d. quater in die four times a day
q.o.d. every other day
qqh quater quaque hora every four hours q.s. quantum sufficiat a sufficient quantity
QWK every week
R rectal
rep., rept. repetatur repeats RL, R/L Ringer's lactate sine
s without (usually written with a bar on the top of the “s”)
s.a. secundum artum use your judgment
Medical English 1 Page 43
ABBREVIATIONS LATIN OR GREEK ORIGIN
MEANING
SC, subc, subcut, subq, SQ subcutaneous
Sig write on label
SL sublingually, under the tongue Sol solutio solution
s.o.s., si op. sit si opus sit if there is a need
Ss semis one half Stat statim immediately
Supp suppositorium suppository
Susp suspension Syr syrupus syrup
Tab tabella tablet
tal., t talus such Tbsp tablespoon
troche trochiscus lozenge
Tsp teaspoon
t.i.d. ter in die three times a day t.d.s. ter die sumendum three times a day
t.i.w. three times a week
top. topical T.P.N. total parenteral nutrition
tr, tinc., tinct. tincture
u.d., ut. dict. ut dictum as directed
ung. unguentum ointment
U.S.P. United States Pharmacopoeia Vag vaginally
W with
Wf with food (with meals) w/o without
X times
Y.O. years old
Medical English 1 Page 44
HOSPITAL FACILITIES
Melissa Memorial Hospital
Melissa Memorial Hospital is designed as a critical access hospital providing for 24 hour emergency care. The design is intended to present an image of a facility that provides quality healthcare in a friendly environment. This facility focuses on healing the body, mind and spirit by personalizing, humanizing, and demystifying the healthcare experience for patients and their families.
Family Waiting Lounge – The family lounge sits immediately adjacent to the inpatient bed wing, providing a bright and spacious place for families to gather.
UNIT
6
Medical English 1 Page 45
Main Entry Lobby - The high ceiling main lobby space was designed with comfort in mind. Its upper windows provide a beacon when lights are on at night and its contemporary design and soft colors offer patients and their families a warm welcome and an orientation point of reference.
Nursing Station - The nursing station is centrally located to offer overlapping access and control of the inpatient bed wing, the labor and delivery suite, the emergency department, the observation beds, the family lounge as well as the outpatient waiting area.
Operating Room - The new surgical suite was designed primarily for outside specialists that travel to Melissa Memorial for specialty surgeries. The new surgical area will help to increase specialty surgery volumes.
Floor Plan - The Floor Plan emphasizes departmental adjacencies and clean and separate corridor flows.
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Pre-operative and Recovery Areas - The hospital provides pre-operative and recovery areas adjacent to the operating room.
The total refurbishment of Melissa Memorial Hospital will be 2011. The roof will be replaced, the
wards partitioned into individual cubicles to provide privacy for patients, and new nursing stations
were constructed. Ceramic floor tiles give the wards a cool and clean appearance as do the
acoustic ceilings in all the General Wards corridors.
The next major development will be the building of an ultra-modern maternity wing. It will have
eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-private rooms and eight general ward
beds. It will also have its own operating theatre, a baby nursery, isolation rooms, delivery rooms,
family planning area, well-baby and well-woman clinics, pediatric cardiology.
The development of the hospital never really stops, because the pace of change always increases
and the hospital must keep up.
Medical English 1 Page 47
THERE IS/ THERE ARE
Both expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance.
There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject.
1. "There is" - is used with the following subjects:
Singular nouns
Uncountable nouns
3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).
Examples:
There is my specialist on the corner.
There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident.
There is a fracture here.
2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects:
3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.)
Examples:
There are many nurses in this nursing station.
There are practitioners there.
There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.
PREPOSITIONS
Medical English 1 Page 48
ACTIVITIES
A. THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choose the appropriate expression from the parentheses.
1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup.
(There is, There are)
2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan.
(There isn't, There aren't)
3. ________________ any viruses in this area.
(There isn't, There aren't)
4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities.
(There is, There are)
5. ______________ a blood bank here?
(Is there, Are there)
6. _________________ survivors in the mine?
(Is there, Are there)
7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call?
(Is there, Are there)
8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow.
(There is, There are)
9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class.
(There is, There are)
10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital.
(There isn't, There aren't)
Medical English 1 Page 49
B. GROUP PROJECT. Look at the map below. Then write a description for the plan using
“there is”, “there are” and prepositions.
C. Draw three plans considering the vocabulary below. Then describe the plans using
“there is”, “there are” and prepositions.
1. Ultra-modern maternity wing: eighteen beds, five are sea-facing private rooms, four semi-
private rooms and eight general ward beds; one operating theatre; a baby nursery;
isolation rooms; delivery rooms; family planning area; well-baby and well-woman clinics;
pediatric cardiology.
2. Third floor: two lifts; a four-bed High Dependency Unit; Renal Dialysis Unit; Radiology
department.
3. Outpatient Department: Obstetrics; Gynecology; -Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT); -Dental
Surgery ; Orthopedics; Dermatology; Virology; Urology; Radiation, Oncology; Obstetrics;
Perinatology Consultation; Cardiology; Pathology; Psychiatry; Pulmonary Services;
Neurosurgery ; Pediatrics; Internal Medicine; Endocrinology; General Surgery; Geriatrics;
Gastroenterology; Electrophysiology; Neonatology; Nephrology; Rheumatology;
Ophthalmology; Plastic Surgery; Otolaryngology; Pathology.
Medical English 1 Page 50
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are
removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted wastes travel at some
time in the blood.
Organs of the Excretory System
Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide
Liver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteins
Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid
Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric
acid
THE SKIN
Layers of the skin
Epidermis - outer protective layer without blood vessels
Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hairs,
and fat cells
Functions of the skin
Excretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed from the body in
sweat.
Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and loss of water out
of the body.
UNIT
7
Medical English 1 Page 51
Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms and dust into the
body.
Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays.
Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body.
Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' and creates an insulating
blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands uses excess body heat to evaporate,
providing a cooling effect.
Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold, touch,
pressure and pain.
SOME / ANY
STATEMENT SOME ANY Affirmative statement
I have some health nuisances. They will need some calories
_
Negative statements
_ I do not need any blood transfusion.
Interrogative statements
_ Do you need any help? Does she have any classmates?
Exception: Offer: Would you like some help? Request: Can you lend me some money?
QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Some adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go with countable nouns
(nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood,
advice). However, there are quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
ONLY WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
WITH UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE NOUNS
ONLY WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS
How much? How much? or How many? How many?
a little no/none a few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
- some (any) several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
- lots of -
Medical English 1 Page 52
Notes:
1. Much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Example:
How much sugar do you consume?
How many cigarettes do you smoke?
There's not much blood in the blood bank.
There weren't many physicians at the meeting.
2. They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :
Examples
There were too many physicians at the meeting.
It's a problem when there are so many patients.
There's not so much work to do this week.
3. In positive statements, we use a lot of:
Examples:
I have a lot of work this week.
There were a lot of physicians at the meeting.
4. A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way:
Examples:
I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough)
I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)
5. Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:
Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)
He had little money (= almost no money)
Medical English 1 Page 53
ACTIVITIES
A. QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:
1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term.
2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week?
3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress.
4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds.
5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.
6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had.
7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset.
8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves?
9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.
10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference.
11.________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas does.
12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.
much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few
Medical English 1 Page 54
B. GROUP PROJECT. You are a doctor who needs to know your patient routine. Write a 30-line dialogue using quantifiers in each sentence. Use affirmative, negative and interrogative statements.
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Medical English 1 Page 55
THE URINARY SYSTEM
Urine
The first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein is ammonia, a highly
toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea and uric acid. These are less toxic than
ammonia and are transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of
excess water, excess salt, urea and uric acid.
Parts of the Urinary System
UNIT
8
Medical English 1 Page 56
Renal Arteries
Two renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys.
Renal Veins
Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream.
Ureters
Two ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body.
Urethra
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The
outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter.
Kidneys
The human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion (see Figure 1.) They are bean-shaped
organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood
always enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called
ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.
Figure 1. Details of the human excretory system. Position and allied structures of the kidneys (top). A cross section of
the kidney showing the two major portions (left). Details of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney (right).
Medical English 1 Page 57
The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds,
and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid
decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen
products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.
Nephron
The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is
the primary unit of homeostasis in the body. It is essentially a long tubule with a series of
associated blood vessels. The upper end of the tubule is an enlarged cuplike structure called the
Bowman's capsule. Below the Bowman's capsule, the tubule coils to form the proximal tubule, and
then it follows a hairpin turn called the loop of Henle. After the loop of Henle, the tubule coils
once more as the distal tubule. It then enters a collecting duct, which also receives urine from
other distal tubules.
Within the Bowman's capsule is a coiled ball of capillaries known as a glomerulus. Blood from the
renal artery enters the glomerulus. The force of the blood pressure induces plasma to pass
through the walls of the glomerulus, pass through the walls of the Bowman's capsule, and flow
into the proximal tubule. Red blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood.
After plasma enters the proximal tubule, it passes through the coils, where usable materials and
water are reclaimed. Salts, glucose, amino acids, and other useful compounds flow back through
tubular cells into the blood by active transport. Osmosis and the activity of hormones assist the
movement. The blood fluid then flows through the loop of Henle into the distal tubule. Once
more, salts, water, and other useful materials flow back into the bloodstream. Homeostasis is
achieved by this process: A selected amount of hydrogen, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and other
ions maintain the delicate salt balance in the body.
The fluid moving from the distal tubules into the collecting duct contains materials not needed by
the body. This fluid is referred to as urine. Urea, uric acid, salts, and other metabolic waste
products are the main components of urine. The urine flows through the ureters toward the
urinary bladder. When the bladder is full, the urine flows through the urethra to the exterior.
Medical English 1 Page 58
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Adverbs of frequency are used to say how often you do something. Adverbs of frequency are often
used with the present simple because they indicate repeated or routine activities.
For example:
They often go out for dinner
The most common frequency adverbs in English are:
Always 100%
Frequently 90%
Usually 80%
Often 70%
Sometimes 50%
Occasionally 40%
Seldom 20%
Rarely 10%
Never 0%
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used
before the main verbs and after the verb to be.
That surgeon always comes to work on time.
Those doctors are seldom home when we call.
He's usually taking her pills at this time.
She's never been to Cayetano Heredia Hospital.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. I'm here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and wait for a blood transfusion.
Medical English 1 Page 59
Notes:
1. The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.
A: Do you always carry your medicines?
B: (Yes,) I usually do.
No, I usually don't.
No, I rarely do.
No, I hardly ever do.
2. The following expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before
main verbs.
Every day/week /month
Every other day /week
Once a week /month/year
Twice a year / day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
Examples:
Every once in a while I visit my outpatients.
I visit my outpatients every once in a while.
I every once in a while visit my outpatients. (Incorrect)
3. The adverbs regularly (according to schedule), normally (commonly nowadays),
traditionally (commonly in the past) can come at various points in the sentence:
Examples:
I regularly floss my teeth.
I floss my teeth regularly.
Traditionally, that was considered child's play.
I normally get up around 6 o'clock.
Normally, I get up around 6 o'clock.
Medical English 1 Page 60
Medical English 1 Page 61
ACTIVITIES
A. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its correct position.
Example:
I play tennis on Sundays. (often)
Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays.
1. He pays attention to the doctor's suggestions. (often)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. They read a book on Anatomy. (sometimes)
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Pete gets angry. (never)
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Doctor Espinoza is very friendly. (usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. My dermatologist goes for a walk in the evening. (always)
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Nurses help surgeons in the operating rooms. (usually)
________________________________________________________________________________
9. Patients watch TV after 9 pm. (never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Christine smokes. (never)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Medical English 1 Page 62
usually, normally (2), regularly, always (2), never, sometimes
11. Nurse Hellen is upset (frequently)
________________________________________________________________________________
12. My workmates are in a hurry (usually)
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. FREQUENCY ADVERBS. Read the text below and insert the frequency adverbs from the
box.
Control of kidney function.
The activity of the nephron in the kidney is ____________ controlled by a person's choices
and environment as well as hormones. For example, if a person __________ consumes
large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digestion of the protein.
Also, on a hot day, a body will retain water for sweating and cooling, so the amount of
urine is reduced.
Humans ______________ produce a hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also
known as vasopressin, which is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It
___________ regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in
the nephron tubules.
_____________ some individuals suffer from a condition in which they secrete very low
levels of ADH. The result is excessive urination and a disease called diabetes insipidus.
Another unrelated form of diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is more widespread. Persons with
this disease ___________ produce sufficient levels of insulin. Insulin _________ transports
glucose molecules into the cells. But when insulin is not available, the glucose remains in
the bloodstream. The glucose is _____________removed from the bloodstream in the
nephron; to dilute the glucose, the nephron removes large amounts of water from the
blood. Thus, the urine tends to be plentiful.
Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal glands also control the content of urine. These
hormones promote reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the tubules. Thus, they
affect the water balance in the body, because water flows in the direction of high sodium
and chloride content.
C. TRANSLATION. Translate the text above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Medical English 1 Page 63
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
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D. Read more: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-Excretory-
System.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8714.html#ixzz0zWFI53ca
Medical English 1 Page 64
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Introduction
Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species,
and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The male and female
reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female
organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing. The male and
female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones
necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of
reproduction and other organs and tissues.
1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.
Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root,
which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is
the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the
penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes
removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that
transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The penis also contains a
number of sensitive nerve endings.
UNIT
9
Medical English 1 Page 65
Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the
penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood
vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal
sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body
temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax,
moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to
cool the temperature.
Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men
have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary
male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of
tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm
cells.
The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include
the following:
Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each
testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is
the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge
from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal,
contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.
Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the
epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens
transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to
outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
Medical English 1 Page 66
Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal
vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the
body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man
reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from
the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas
deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid
(fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move. The fluid
of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or
ejaculate.
Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below
the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional
fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra,
which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of
the prostate gland.
Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-sized structures
located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands
produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves
to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to
residual drops of urine in the urethra.
Medical English 1 Page 67
How does the male reproductive system function?
The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that
stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the
functioning of the male reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. FSH is
necessary for sperm production (spermatogenesis), and LH stimulates the production of
testosterone, which is necessary to continue the process of spermatogenesis.
Testosterone also is important in the development of male characteristics, including
muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.
2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The main external structures of the female reproductive system include:
Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive
organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and
fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat
and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.
Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or
up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings
to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the
body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the
body).
Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce
a fluid (mucus) secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is
comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the
prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the
clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
The internal reproductive organs in the female include:
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the
outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.
Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a
developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower
Medical English 1 Page 68
part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus.
The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix
allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of
the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the
uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the
uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the
fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the
lining of the uterine wall.
Medical English 1 Page 69
How does the female reproductive system function?
The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the
female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is
designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg
is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If
fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to
menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female
reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT I You We They
analyzed removed caught drank
a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup
He She It
had had had
genital herpes chlamydia syphilis
Medical English 1 Page 70
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT
I You We They
did not / didn´t
analyze remove catch drink
a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup
He She It
have have have
genital herpes chlamydia syphilis
INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS
AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK
Did I you we they
analyze cure have have
the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn
?
Did he she it
have have have
genital herpes chlamydia syphilis
?
“WH” QUESTION
WORDS
AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK
How often did I you we they
analyze cure have have
the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn
?
When Why
did did
he she it
have have have
genital herpes chlamydia syphilis
?
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
For further information go to
http://www.saberingles.com.ar/curso/lesson14/04.html
Medical English 1 Page 71
ACTIVITIES
A. PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES
1. its 46-Mb / we/ nuclear genome/ sequenced
_____________________________________________________________________
2. reviewed / in/ journals/ the/ articles/ authors/ relevant
______________________________________________________________________
3. dysfunction/ patients/ a sexual/ female/ reported
______________________________________________________________________
4. dysfunction/ in/ all/ explored/ men/ studies/ sexual
______________________________________________________________________
5. problem/ dysfunction /an under-recognized/was / sexual/ men/ in
______________________________________________________________________
6. our/ showed/ Georgian population/ degrees of ED/ lesser
______________________________________________________________________
7. mastered/ on / student physicians/ function / information / healthy sexual/
fundamental
______________________________________________________________________
8. an overall improvement/ described/ with long standing UC/ after surgery/function/
patients/ sexual/ their/in .
______________________________________________________________________
B. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TEXT WITH THE WORDS IN THE BOX
The human male ____________system (or male _________system) consists of a number
of sex organs that are a part of the human reproductive process. In the case of men, these
sex organs are located outside a man's body, around the _________region.
The main male sex organs are the penis and the ____________which produce
semen and _________, which as part of sexual intercourse fertilize an _________ in a
woman's body and the fertilized ovum (_________) gradually develops into a _________,
which is later born as a child.
fetus- genital-ovum- pelvic-reproductive-sperm-testes-zygote
Medical English 1 Page 72
LIST OF VERBS
Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo. Los
verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben de ser aprendidos de memoria, estos se
encuentran marcados con (i).
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
add added added agregar
answer answered answered responder
apologise apologised apologised disculparse
arrest arrested arrested arrestar
arrive arrived arrived llegar
ask asked asked preguntar
attack attacked attacked atacar
be (i) was / were been ser
become (i) became become convertirse
begin (i) began begun comenzar
believe believed believed creer
boil boiled boiled hervir
book booked booked reservar
borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado
break (i) broke broken romper
bring (i) brought brought traer
build (i) built built construir
buy (i) bought bought comprar
catch (i) caught caught atrapar
Medical English 1 Page 73
carry carried carried llevar
change changed changed cambiar
chop chopped chopped picar
clean cleaned cleaned limpiar
climb climbed climbed escalar
collect collected collected colleccionar
come (i) came come venir
compose composed composed componer
cook cooked cooked cocinar
copy copied copied copiar
cut (i) cut cut cortar
dance danced danced bailar
describe described described describir
destroy destroyed destroyed destruir
die died died morir
discover discovered discovered descubrir
discuss discussed discussed discutir
do (i) did done hacer
draw (i) drew drawn dibujar
dream (i) dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
drink (i) drank drunk beber
drive (i) drove driven conducir
dye dyed dyed teñir
Medical English 1 Page 74
eat (i) ate eaten comer
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar
explode exploded exploded explotar
extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse
fall (i) fell fallen caer
feed (i) fed fed alimentar
feel (i) felt felt sentir
fight (i) fought fought pelear
find (i) found found encontrar
fly (i) flew flown volar
forget (i) forgot forgotten olvidar
freeze (i) froze frozen congelar
fry fried fried freír
give (i) gave given dar
go (i) went gone ir
grow (i) grew grown crecer
happen happened happened suceder
hate hated hated odiar
have (i) had had tener
hear (i) heard heard oír
help helped helped ayudar
hire hired hired alquilar
hope hoped hoped esperar
Medical English 1 Page 75
hunt hunted hunted cazar
hurt (i) hurt hurt herir, doler
imagine imagined imagined imaginar
invent invented invented inventar
invite invited invited invitar
jump jumped jumped saltar
keep (i) kept kept guardar
kill killed killed matar
know (i) knew known saber
leave(i) left left dejar
lend (i) lent lent prestar
lie (i) lay lain yacer
lie lied lied mentir
lift lifted lifted levantar
like liked liked gustar
listen listened listened escuchar
live lived lived vivir
look looked looked mirar
lose (i) lost lost perder
love loved loved amar
make (i) made made hacer
meet (i) met met conocer, encontrar
miss missed missed perder, extrañar
Medical English 1 Page 76
offer offered offered ofrecer
open opened opened abrir
pack packed packed empacar
pass passed passed pasar, aprobar
pay (i) paid paid pagar
peel peeled peeled pelar
phone phoned phoned llamar por teléfono
plan planned planned planificar
play played played jugar
pour poured poured verter
prefer preferred preferred preferir
prepare prepared prepared preparar
push pushed pushed empujar
put (i) put put poner
rain rained rained llover
read (i) read read leer
reduce reduced reduced reducir
remember remembered remembered recordar
rent rented rented alquilar
rescue rescued rescued rescatar
return returned returned volver, devolver
ring (i) rang rung llamar por teléfono
run (i) ran run correr
Medical English 1 Page 77
save saved saved ahorrar
say (i) said said decir
search searched searched buscar
send (i) sent sent enviar
scream screamed screamed gritar
see (i) saw seen ver
sell (i) sold sold vender
shine (i) shone shone brillar
shoot (i) shot shot disparar
shut (i) shut shut cerrar
sing (i) sang sung cantar
sit (i) sat sat sentarse
skate skated skated patinar
ski skied skied esquiar
sleep (i) slept slept dormir
smell smelled smelled oler
snore snored snored roncar
speak (i) spoke spoken hablar
spend (i) spent spent gastar
start started started comenzar
stay stayed stayed quedarse
steal (i) stole stolen robar
stop stopped stopped detener
Medical English 1 Page 78
study studied studied estudiar
survive survived survived sobrevivir
swim (i) swam swum nadar
take (i) took taken tomar
talk talked talked hablar
teach (i) taught taught enseñar
tell (i) told told decir
thank thanked thanked agradecer
think (i) thought thought pensar
throw (i) threw thrown lanzar
touch touched touched tocar
try tried tried intentar
use used used usar
understand (i) understood understood entender
visit visited visited visitar
wait waited waited esperar
walk walked walked caminar
want wanted wanted querer
warn warned warned advertir
wash washed washed lavar
watch watched watched mirar
wear (i) wore worn llevar puesto
win (i) won won ganar
Medical English 1 Page 79
work worked worked trabajar
write (i) wrote written escribir
Source: http://www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/verbs2.html