Mapping deprivation Co-production models that ignore

material inequalities risk failure

Slideshow by Gavin Barker Compass Training

Updated May

2013

What this slideshow cover

1. Mapping Deprivation 2. The index of Multiple

Deprivation 3. The Income Deprivation

domain 4. Why are some areas more

deprived than others? 5. Social networks and the

‘Civic core’ – what this means in relation to areas of deprivation

1. Mapping deprivation

Heat maps as part of a co-design toolkit

This map looks at income deprivation across England

Use it along with other data to share back to the public as the first step in co-designing services

• Mapping deprivation is a must if the co-design and delivery of services is to take account of the imbalance in community resources between areas of affluence and areas of deprivation

• Without doing so, the localist agenda risks exacerbating inequalities rather than closing the gap

• There are various different dimensions or ‘domains’ that can be mapped - but income is a big one

Click on the image to access the map,

You may have to wait a few seconds for the map to load. Drag the map or use the zoom to zoom in and out to assist loading of information

Then click on an area to get more information

Use it as part of your toolkit for whatever project or activity you are undertaking

Areas of high deprivation can then be overlayed with additional data

• Add in layers to show the location of community centres, resident associations, libraries or wifi locations

• Use it as a partnership project management tool - the value of information multiplies when shared

• It also leads to better targetting of scarce resources

example on Southampton Placebook

Click the image to see a separate map on health deprivation for Southampton

2. THE INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK government statistical study of deprived areas in UK local authorities.

Income

Employment

Housing & Barriers to

Services

Living Environment

Crime

Health and Disability

Education and Skills

The Seven Domains of Deprivation • The index of Multiple Deprivation is considered to be one of the most significant pieces of research into poverty and deprivation currently available.

• It is widely used by local authorities to prioritise and allocate resources and services in your area.

• It measures poverty and

deprivation across seven

different dimensions or

‘domains’

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK government statistical study of deprived areas in UK local authorities. • Poverty can be defined as a

lack of financial resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved in the society to which we belong

Income

Employment

Housing & Barriers to

Services

Living Environment

Crime

Health and Disability

Education and Skills

The Seven Domains of Deprivation

The Index of Multiple Deprivation is a UK government statistical study of deprived areas in UK local authorities. • Deprivation can be defined as

a lack of resources of all kinds, not just financial. It can encompass a wide range of an individual’s living conditions, not just lack of money

Income

Employment

Housing & Barriers to

Services

Living Environment

Crime

Health and Disability

Education and Skills

The Seven Domains of Deprivation

Low income is a central component of the definition of multiple deprivation

• While people experiencing some forms of deprivation may not all have low income, people experiencing multiple or very severe forms of deprivation are likely to have very little income and few other resources

• Because income is so important (along with employment), it is ‘weighted’ when calculating the index of multiple deprivation

• The index of multiple deprivation combines all the dimensions of deprivation into a single measurement

Income 23%

Employment 23%

Health Deprivation &

Disability 13%

Education, Skills and Training

Deprivation 14%

Barriers to Housing & Services

9%

Crime 9%

Living Environment Deprivation

9%

Low income is a central component of the definition of multiple deprivation

• These domains are combined, with appropriate weighting, into a single measure of multiple deprivation

• However each domain of deprivation can also be measured and mapped separately

Income 23%

Employment 23%

Health Deprivation &

Disability 13%

Education, Skills and Training

Deprivation 14%

Barriers to Housing & Services

9%

Crime 9%

Living Environment Deprivation

9%

The index of multiple deprivation ranks and scores tiny geographical areas called Lower Super Output Areas or LSOA’s

• Lower Super Output areas contain approximate populations of 1,000 to 1,500 people

• There are 32,482 Lower Super Output Areas or LSOA's in England.

• An area is characterised as deprived relative to other areas on the basis of the proportion of people in the area experiencing the type of deprivation in question – in other words it is given a ‘rank’

• Each LSOA area is ranked where 1 is the most deprived and 32,482 is the least deprived.

3. Income Deprivation Domain

• This domain measures the proportion of the population in an area that live in income deprived families.

• The definition of income deprivation adopted by the government includes both families that are out-of-work and families that are in work but who have low earnings.

• Both have to satisfy the respective means tests to obtain welfare support.

The Income Domain is calculated using the following indicators

Adults and children in Income Support Families (The word family is used to designate a ‘benefit unit’, that is the claimant, any partner and any dependent children i.e. those for whom Child Benefit is received).

Adults and children in income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance families

Adults and children in Pension Credit (Guarantee) families

Adults and children in Child Tax Credit families (who are not claiming Income Support, income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance or Pension Credit) whose equivalised income (excluding housing benefits) is below 60% of the median before housing costs

Asylum seekers in England in receipt of subsistence support, accommodation support, or both.

4. Why are some areas more deprived than others?

There are a multiplicity of factors but two stand out as important:

‘residential sorting effects’ and ‘community outlook’

Why Big Society is Key to re-balancing the local economy

For more on both these themes, see the report by IPPR

Inequalities in income and wealth translate into residential segregation

Differences in house prices, rents and tenure along with the labour market act as a sifting process:

while the relatively affluent can choose to live in certain kinds of neighbourhoods, the less affluent cannot

The rationed nature of social housing exacerbates this trend with the most needy and vulnerable who qualify for housing

The result is that the most vulnerable and those with the least choices are concentrated together in ‘undesirable’ areas

The ‘community outlook’ of an area can also impact on a neighbourhood’s chances of

social and economic wellbeing

• ‘Community outlook’ can be defined as the attitudes, values and aspirations of local neighbourhoods

• This is shaped by the internal and external relationships that intertwine within a community

• Community attitudes can affect whether or not employment and educational opportunities are taken up

The result can be neighbourhoods that remain stubbornly impervious to improvement over

time

Southampton 2007 (prior to recession) Southampton 2010

Income Deprivation compared to other areas of England

5. Social networks and the Civic Core

A social network map from RSA report Connected Communities, page 53

The Civic core form 31% of the population. They account for :

31% The population of

the civic core

87% of voluntary hours

79% of charitable giving

72% of civic participation

Characteristics of Civic Core. likely to be:

• Middle aged

• Have higher education qualifications

• Owner occupiers

• Actively practice their religion

• Have lived in the same neighbourhood for at least 10 years

• Over 60% of middle aged females would be counted as part of the civic core

Source: Third Sector

Research Centre Working paper 62

Inner core forms 7.6% of the population and accounts for :

49% of voluntary hours

40% of charitable giving

22% of civic participation

Characteristics of Civic Core (which includes inner core)

• Middle aged

• Have higher education qualifications

• Owner occupiers

• Actively practice their religion

• Have lived in the same neighbourhood for at least 10 years

• Over 60% of middle aged females would be counted as part of the civic core

7.6%

Source: Third Sector

Research Centre Working paper 62

The civic core – distribution of core and non core groups by IMD

‘Not engaged’ only form a tiny proportion of the population : 7-8%. However, this graph shows that just under 16% of the Not Engaged group are found in decile 10, the most deprived areas of the country. Just under 8% of this group are found under decile 1, the least deprived areas of the country 1 10

Source: pg 10 Working Paper 62, TSRC

Community development shouldn’t just be about deprived communities

Research shows that while socially excluded communities have high levels of bonding capital in the form of support networks , they have low levels of bridging social capital or ‘weak links’ . It is the weak links that connect different networks are a valuable conduit through which new ideas, information, behaviours and job opportunities travel . The RSA report suggests that tackling social exclusion includes the need to ‘reconnect the poor with the rich’ and that frontline staff can play a key role as ‘network weavers’.

Don’t just focus exclusively on poor neighbourhoods

weak or bridging links

Find ways to connect poorer neighbourhoods with more affluent areas in order to promote the flow of ideas, values and behaviours, including volunteering

Find ways to weave networks between different neighbourhood areas

Sources

• Indices of Deprivation, Department of Communities and Local Government

• Why Big Society is Key to re-balancing the local economy report by IPPR

• Third Sector Research Centre Working paper 62 ‘Mapping the Big Society’

• Third Sector Research Centre Working paper 65 ‘Voluntary sector organisations working at the neighbourhood level in England: patterns by

local area deprivation • Connected Communities report by RSA