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marine biotechnology
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Marine phytoplankton
A quantum leap for your healthy cells
Dr.Shaleesha A. Stanley
What does phytoplankton mean? Phyto – light Plankton – floating There are 40,000 species of phytoplankton
(PP) available in the sea – mostly naked or invisible to the human eye
PP makes 50 – 90 % of oxygen that we breathe
Micro-algae makes the marine forms to live longer
Phytoplankton
Photic Zone• Can’t move against currents (float orweakly move)• >40% of global primary productivity• Autotrophs• Form base of ocean food web• OXYGEN for all life
Phytoplankton Classification
From two kingdoms
- Monera (bacteria)
– Protista (algae)
3 divisions (Phyla)
1. Cyanobacteria
2. Chrysophyta
3. Dinophyta
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria Use chlorophyll a Prokaryotic (No nucleus, few organelles) Intertidal, estuaries, coral reefs Reproduce by cell fission Nitrogen fixation: convert Nitrogen gas (N2) to nitrates or ammonia– Limiting nutrient Some symbiotic– Live in diatoms– Epiphytes on seagrass
Stromatolites
Fossils >3 billion years old • Amount of O2 in earth's early atmosphere •Photosynthesis byproducts: O2 & calcium carbonate (lime) – Build limestone domes – Vertical growth = photosynthesis •Modern stromatolites: hypersaline lagoons (too extreme for animal grazers)
Division Chrysophyta (2 Classes) Most with hardened cell walls or internal skeletons:
silica or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) •Some have flagella for motility
CoccolithophoreChaetoceras Coscinodiscus
Chrysophyta species: Dictyocha
Size Most phytoplankton are microscopic –
selective advantage Small cells w. higher surface area to volume
ratio
Class Chrysophyceae
Most freshwater Marine: Coccolithophores & silicoflagellates Nanoplankton (0-5 μm) = TINY!
Coccolithophores
Calcium CaCO3 plates – Important microfossils •Marine only, large #’s at surface euphotic zone •Prefer still, nutrient-poor H2O •Reflect sunlight (albedo): heat & UV light •Carbon sinks: – ¯ global warming
Class Bacillariophyceae
Diatoms Most abundant phytoplankton Major oceanic primary producer Cell walls (frustule) of silica
(glass-like) Live alone or in chains Centric or pennate shapes
Diatoms Asexual reproduction (cell division) rapid •Occasional sexual repro. •Ocean surface in areas w/ abundant nutrients •Some benthic: reefs, mudflats, rock, shells
Division Dinophyta
Dinoflagellates •Most photosynthetic, few heterotrophic •Unicellular, 2 flagella: adjust vertically in water column (light, nutrients) •Cellulose plates •Rapid asexual cell division, some sexual
Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates are Bioluminescent Organisms produce light by a chemical reaction •Chemical (luciferin) is oxidized by an enzyme ----
produces light •Luciferin from diet or internal synthesis
Red Tides (Dinoflagellate Bloom) Mass development of dinoflagellates discolor water Often caused by excess nutrients •Enter ocean from land (runoff) •Fertilizer, sewage
Red Tide Impacts:
•Toxic to marine life: accumulates in clams, mussels, scallops, fish, mammals
•Death to some species, Human poisoning after consumption (30 min.)
•Symptoms: •Paralytic: paralysis, asthma, heart attack (rare) •Neurotoxic: tingling, paralysis, memory loss •Diarrhetic: cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
Nutrient Availability
•Photosynthesis only provides carbon,hydrogen, oxygen (C6H12O6)
Also require Calcium, silica, nitrogen,phosphorus, iron, etc.
•Most dissolved nutrients in cold water near seafloor (marine snow)
– Below photic zone, isolated by pycnocline •Upwelling & convection transports cold, nutrient rich water to surface
Phytoplankton abundant in areas of upwelling & convective mixing of
seawater
Phytoplankton rely on bacterialdecomposers to break down organic
matter into usable forms
Collectingplankton