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Creativity Techniques
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Presented By: Dr. Mridula RanadeSNDT Women’s University
Let us revise• Prepare a mind-map of concepts of Creativity
that you have studied so far, as shown in the figure. You can make it more elaborate.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
WHAT IS CREATIVITY?WHAT IS CREATIVITY?
Creativity is the bringing
into existence of a
product, a process or a
thought that did not
exist before.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• Creativity is a vital resource for the betterment of society.
• It should never be wasted for want of proper direction to the students.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Do you believe that teachers can enhance students’ creativity?
Do you believe that teachers can enhance students’ creativity?
Indeed they can!Indeed they can!Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
They can develop creativity in 2 ways
1. By encouraging students to take up inherently creative activities such as journalism, creative writing, poetry writing, acting, art, photography, research, etc. (Special opportunities can be provided to gifted students)
2. By providing direct instruction in creative thinking techniques
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• The creative thought process can be accidental
or deliberate.
• It takes a long time to develop new ideas through
the accidental thought process.
• Deliberate use of special techniques can
lead to the development of many new ideas, and
faster too!
Why teach special techniques of developing creativity? Why teach special techniques of developing creativity?
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
How do the special techniques work?
How do the special techniques work?
• Creative thinking involves coming up with new ideas.
• New ideas come up when two or more previously-uncombined thoughts or ideas are merged
• Creative thinking involves coming up with new ideas.
• New ideas come up when two or more previously-uncombined thoughts or ideas are merged
Idea 1
Idea 1
Idea 2
Idea 2
New IdeaNew IdeaNew IdeaNew Idea
•Creative thinking techniques provide ways of deliberately coming up with ideas and combining them in unusual ways.
•Creative thinking techniques provide ways of deliberately coming up with ideas and combining them in unusual ways.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Can you think of ways to enhance your students’ creativity?
• Discuss with your partner and prepare a concept map like the one shown below:
Creativity techniquesCreativity techniques
In language teaching
In language teaching
In Scienceteaching
In Scienceteaching
In History teaching
In History teaching
Generaltechniques
Generaltechniques
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
1.Brainstorming
2.Idea checklists
3.Attribute Listing
4.Morphological Synthesis
5.Synectics
1.Brainstorming
2.Idea checklists
3.Attribute Listing
4.Morphological Synthesis
5.Synectics
Let us study 5 techniques of creative thinking.
Let us study 5 techniques of creative thinking.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
BrainstormingBrainstorming
• Don’t worry. We will not ‘storm’ the students’ brains in this technique!
• Don’t worry. We will not ‘storm’ the students’ brains in this technique!
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
A problem which can have many solutions is ideal for
brainstorming
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Some ideas for brainstormingSome ideas for brainstorming
•How to decorate the classroom based
on some theme
•How to reduce absenteeism in school
•How to improve teaching
•How to create environmental
awareness in schools
•How to reduce gender-biasCan you think of more such ideas? Brainstorm with your partner and list all ideas Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
A lateral thinking process.
Groups of people are asked to come up with ideas and thoughts that may initially seem shocking or crazy, but which are later changed or improved into useful and often highly original ideas.
BrainstormingBrainstorming
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Ideal method with groups of 8-12 students.
Should be performed in a relaxed environment where students feel relaxed and can joke around.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
When to use Brainstorming?When to use Brainstorming?
•To develop new opportunities
•To improve an existing service
•When existing approaches aren’t
very fruitful
•To take decisions about
controversial issues
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
1. Welcome all ideas from all participants,
making no criticisms or judgments while
the ideas are being generated.
Absolutely no discussion should take place
during the idea-generation activity.
Rules of BrainstormingRules of Brainstorming
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
2. Encourage participants to combine and build on others' ideas. 3. Write all ideas on a flipchart or board so the whole group can easily see them. 4. Set a time limit (i.e., 30 minutes) for the brainstorming.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
5. Finally, examine and evaluate ideas to select the best ones.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
List topics for brainstorming from various
units in any subject you would teach
(school subjects such as Science,
Geography, History, Languages…,
Subjects in Education such as Psychology,
Philosophy, Research Methodology, etc.)
(Come up with at least 5 ideas)One group will later compile a master list.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
An interesting variation of Brainstorming is called
An interesting variation of Brainstorming is called
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Reverse BrainstormingReverse Brainstorming
Now why would anyone want to do that?
Involves Brainstorming ways of making the problem worse.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Reverse BrainstormingReverse Brainstorming
Consider this problem
How to teach in the worst possible way?
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Reverse BrainstormingReverse Brainstorming
If you identified all the ways in which you could teach badly, you would know what to
avoid.
XDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Reverse BrainstormingReverse Brainstorming
Here are some more examples:
• How to increase pollution in the city
• How to waste electricity/water
• How to make the city dirty
Can you think of more such examples?
You can brainstorm for more ideas.Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Idea checklistsIdea checklists
Second technique of enhancing Creativity:
Second technique of enhancing Creativity:
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Alex Osborn’s Idea checklistAlex Osborn’s Idea checklist
• A tool for generating innovative ideas
• It is a comprehensive list of questions about ideas and problems which can be used to encourage creativity in generating new concepts.
• It can be used individually or in groups
• A tool for generating innovative ideas
• It is a comprehensive list of questions about ideas and problems which can be used to encourage creativity in generating new concepts.
• It can be used individually or in groups
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
The directions in the
checklist can be applied
one by one to problems,
ideas or products to come
up with innovative
changes or
improvements.
Checklist
Substitute
Magnify
Minimize
Combine
Adapt
Modify
Put to other use
Eliminate
Rearrange
Reverse
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
So what does SCAMMMPER stand for ?
There are 10 categories of ideas in the checklist which can be remembered as a single word:
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• S: Substitute• C: Combine• A: Adapt• M: Magnify• M: Minify• M: Modify• P: Put to other uses• E: Eliminate• R: Rearrange• R: Reverse
Let us look at some examples of each of the above.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SubstituteSubstitute
• Who else instead? • What else instead? • Other ingredient?• Other material? • Other process? • Other power? • Other place? • Other approach? • Other tone of voice? • Other time?
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SubstituteSubstitute
E.g. The problem :Plastic disposable cups used by railways were creating environmental problems.
The solution: Substitute plastic cups with earthenware pots (Kulhad).
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Combine
• How about a blend?
• An assortment?
• An ensemble?
• Combine units?
• Combine purposes?
• Combine ideas?
Examine different problems and try to find an application for each of the questions in the checklist.
An assemblage of parts or
details.
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
CombineE.g. Problem: 1.How to increase the usefulness of a cell-phone?
Solution: Combine the functions of a telephone, a camera, an audio recorder, a calculator, an Internet browser etc., in the cell-phone.
Problem2: How to create a more interesting drink?
Solution: Make a milkshake combining Peach and Banana.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Adapt• What else is like this?
• What other idea does this suggest?
• Does the past offer any parallels?
• What could I copy?
• Whom could I emulate?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Adapt
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Problem: To create a new type of back pack.
Solution: Adapt by making an animal-shaped back pack
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
MagnifyMagnify
• What to add? • More time? • Greater frequency? • Stronger? • Higher?• Larger? • Longer?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
• Heavier?
• Thicker? • Extra value? • Plus ingredient? • Duplicate?• Multiply? • Exaggerate?
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Magnify
• Problem: To build an interesting-shaped building
• Solution: Use the shape of a boot in highly magnified form.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
MinifyMinify
• What to subtract? • Smaller? • Condensed? • Miniature? • Lower? • Shorter?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
• Narrower?• Lighter? • Omit? • Streamline?• Split up? • Understate? • Less frequent?
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
MinifyMinify
Problem 1: To create a novel notebook
Solution: Miniaturize it.
Problem 2: Create interesting greenery in the house
Solution: Grow a bonsai tree.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
ModifyModify
• New twist? Change meaning, colour, motion, odour, taste, form, shape? Other changes?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Modified Shape
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
ModifyModify
Problem: To make the car more attractive
Solution: Modify shape.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Modified Shape
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Put to other usesPut to other uses
• New ways to use as is?
• Other uses if modified?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
A pot that can also be used as a paper weight, a pen-holder, as a vase, etc.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
EliminateEliminate
• Completely do away with a thing, a process, a part, etc.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
EliminateEliminate
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Problem 1: Tying shoe-laces is time-consuming.
Solution: Eliminate shoe-laces from shoes by making them slip-on casual shoes.
Problem 2: Computer mouse-cord always gets entangled.
Solution: Eliminate the cord using wireless technology.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
ReverseReverse
• Transpose positive and negative? • How about opposites? • Turn it backward, upside down,
inside out?• Reverse roles? • Change shoes? • Turn tables? • Turn other cheek?
Generate ideas by discussing with your partner
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
ReverseReverse
The problem: People are reluctant to climb stairs.
Solution: Moving stairs (escalator) where the person remains stationery, and the stairs move
Generate ideas by discussing with your partnerDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
RearrangeRearrange• Interchange components? • Other pattern? • Other layout? • Other sequence? • Transpose cause and effect? • Change place? • Change schedule? • Earlier? • Later?
Generate ideas by discussing with your partner
Try to apply these ideas to the problem.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
RearrangeRearrange
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Problem: A passenger carrier that can carry more people without taking up much space on the road.
Solution: A double-decker bus instead of 2 coaches
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Now try to remember the 10 categories of ideas by telling
them to your partner.
SCAMMMPERR
Test your Memory
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
1. To innovate the design of a pencil, the
manufacturers created a pencil that is two feet
long and quite thick.
2. On a journey to a way-out place, the tires of a
car got punctured. The driver put hay into the
tires to travel to the nearest repair shop.
Test your Understanding
Click here for Answers
What idea from the checklist has been used in each case?
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SynecticsSynectics
• An approach to creative thinking given
by William Gordon (1961)
The word ‘Synectics’, taken from Greek
word ‘Synecticos’ means:
“Joining together of apparently unrelated
elements”.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SynecticsSynectics
• The approach deliberately forces one to think of apparently unrelated things together and form uncommon connections.
• It helps to break existing mind sets.
• Its main tools are analogies or metaphors.
• The approach is often used in group-work.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SynecticsSynectics
• It can help students to– Identify similarities and differences– develop creative responses to
problem solving, – to retain new information, – to generate creative writing – to move from literal to non-literal
thinking,– and to explore social and disciplinary
problems. Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
SynecticsSynectics
• Gordon's four kinds of metaphor are
called
– personal analogy,
– direct analogy,
– fantasy analogy, and
– symbolic analogy. Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics: 1. Personal Analogy
Synectics: 1. Personal Analogy
Here, one identifies with one
element in a problem. Students
"become" the object they choose
and then describe what it feels like
to be that object..
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics: 1. Personal Analogy
Synectics: 1. Personal Analogy
E.g.:
– a Biology student could identify with a
parasite, temporarily becoming the parasite to
understand its functioning.
– To solve the problem of students misuse of
library books, they could be asked to do an
exercise: “If you were a book, how would you
feel about students misusing you?”
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partnerDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics:
2. Direct AnalogySynectics:
2. Direct Analogy
One thinks of ways in which similar problems are solved in nature by animals, birds, insects, plants etc.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Understanding how a shipworm tunnels into wood can provide ideas for building tunnels.
Alexander Graham Bell designed the telephone receiver on the model of the human ear.
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partner
Synectics: 2. Direct analogy
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics: 2. Direct Analogy
Synectics: 2. Direct Analogy
Can you use direct analogy to solve the following problems?
1. Conservation of energy
2. Developing Marketing strategies (think of propagation of seeds)
3. Protecting oneself from an attacker
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partnerDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics: 3. Fantasy Analogy
Synectics: 3. Fantasy Analogy
• The problem-solver imagines ideal, even far-
fetched solutions, which might lead to
creative practical ideas.
– E.g. What if rooms cleaned themselves?
– What if corrupt people developed noses like
Pinocchio's?
– What if we could grow harmless bacteria on our
skins that would eat up all pollution around us?
Generate more ideas by discussing with your partnerDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Synectics: 4. Symbolic Analogy
Synectics: 4. Symbolic Analogy
• It uses an imaginary analogue of the problem. – For example, a vision of a snake
swallowing its own tail gave the physicist Kekule an insight into the carbon-ring structure of benzene molecule.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Attribute listing
• Technique developed by Robert Crawford (1978)
• The problem is broken down into smaller and smaller bits.
• The attribute of each component is changed to see what new idea emerges.
• A great technique for ensuring all possible aspects of a problem have been examined.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Attribute listing
• A very useful technique for quality improvement of complicated products, procedures or services.
• A good technique to use in conjunction with techniques like brainstorming.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Attribute listingThere are 2 forms
Attribute Listing
Attribute modifying
Attribute transferring
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Attribute listing:
Attribute ModifyingAttribute listing:
Attribute Modifying
• The student is asked to list the main attributes of the problem (characteristics, dimensions, parts).
• The student then tries to think of ways to improve each attribute.
• A useful strategy with problems that have identifiable attributes.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Attribute listing: Attribute Modifying
• E.g.: The problem: Innovative decoration of the classroom for a competition
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• Break down the room decoration problem into its attributes, which may be listed as follows:
Attribute listing: Attribute Modifying
Attributes Modifications
Floor Grass &Trees on floor
Furry surface Water and fish painted on it
Ceiling
Walls
Windows
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• Attributes from one situation are transferred to another situation.
• E.g. To decorate a classroom, a theme can be chosen from another setting, such as Harry Potter’s school, ocean scene,
zoo, forest, etc.
Attribute listing: Attribute Transferring
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• Try to solve these problems creatively through attribute transferring:– Teaching – Theme for a college gathering– Organizing a career corner
Attribute listing: Attribute Transferring
Discuss with your partnerDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Morphological SynthesisMorphological Synthesis
• A simple extension of Attribute Modifying procedure.
• Attribute modifying focuses on the attributes of an object, seeing how each attribute could be improved.
• Morphological Synthesis uses the same basic technique, but is used to create a new product by combining ideas for one attribute with ideas for another attribute.
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
• Here, a matrix is used.
• On one axis, list the specific ideas for one attribute or dimension
• Along the other axis, list ideas for a second attribute.
• Now combine the ideas in each cell.
• Select the best combinations.
Morphological SynthesisMorphological Synthesis
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
To produce innovative ideas for facial soap manufacture, the attributes could becolour, shape, size, inclusions, perfume, etc.Of these, the following 2 attributes and their variations can be plotted in a matrix:
1.Shape
2.AdditiveDr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Ideas for facial soap manufacture:
Kasturi Rose petals
Almond granules
Neem
Fruit shape Fruit shape with kasturi
Fruit/ Rose
Fruit/
Almond
Fruit/
neem
Animal shape Animal shape/
Kasturi
Oval Oval/
kasturi
Hexagonal Hexagonal/
kasturi
Pyramidal Pyramid/
Kasturi
Flower bud Flower/
Kasturi
Additive
Shape
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Look at the large variety of soaps in existence.Don’t you think the manufacturers must have used various creativity techniques to come up with this large variety?
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Morphological SynthesisMorphological Synthesis
• Attributes of a pencil would be shaft material, lead material, hardness of lead, width of lead, quality, color, weight, price, etc.
• A television plot would have attributes of characters, actions, locations, weather, etc.
• Select any 2 attributes from both the above examples and plot a matrix for morphological synthesis. See what new ideas you come up with.
Exercise
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Morphological SynthesisMorphological Synthesis
Prepare a matrix of teaching units and teaching methods/techniques as the 2 attributes. See what ideas you come up with for teaching a particular unit.
Exercise
See such a matrix on the next slide.Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
Morphological SynthesisMorphological Synthesis
Units
Advance organizer model
Concept attainment model
Inquiry training
Brainstorming
Problem solving
Attitudes
Creativity
Methods/techiques
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
1. The idea checklist was given by _______.
2. The Synectics technique was developed by ________.
3. The technique of Attribute listing was developed by __________.
Test your Memory
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.
1. “How to increase the school electricity bill?” This is a problem that can be used with ___________ technique of developing creativity.
2. “Examine how bears keep warm in winter to solve the human problem of keeping warm.” This is a problem that can be used with ___________ technique of developing creativity.
Test your Understanding
Dr. M.D.Ranade. SNDT Univ.