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Deciding Factors of Meaning in
Sadbabodha – an appraisal
JSRA Prasad
Department of Sanskrit Studies, UoH
विषयविन्दिः
शब्दः
शब्दिैविध्यम्
ऄथथः
शाब्दिोधः
ऄथथविषयकसंशीवतः
ऄथथवनणाथयकतत्त्िावन
तेषां परीक्षणम्
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शब्दिैभिम्
आदमन्धं तमः कृत्स्नं जायेत भुिनत्रयम् ।
यदद शब्दाह्ियं ज्योवतरासंसारं न दीप्यते ।।
--दण्डी, काव्यादशेAll the three worlds would have been in complete dark, had sabda not been there as the illuminating light.
न सोवतत प्रत्स्ययो लोके यः शब्दानुगमादतृे ।
ऄनुविद्धवमि ज्ञानं सिं शब्दने भासते ।।
--भतृथहररः, िाक्यपदीयेThere is no conception in the world which is not followed by the word. All knowledge appears as if threaded by words.
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
िाक्तत्त्िम् तथा शब्दिैविध्यम्
Source of classification of words started from
Rgveda, 1.164.45
Nagesa has attributed this classification with ‘परा-
पश्यन्ती-मध्यमा-िैखरी’
Yaska, the first etymologist, says - तद ्यावन पदजातावन नामाख्यात ेचोपसगथवनपाताश्च तानीमावन भिवन्त । नाम (noun)
अख्यातः (verb)
उपसगथः (preposition)
वनपातः (particle)
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शब्दिैविध्यम्
पतञ्जवलः, ऋऌक् सूत्रव्याख्यानािसरे –
चतुष्टयी शब्दाना ं प्रिृविः, जावतशब्दाः, गुणशब्दाः, दियाशब्दाः,
यदचृ्छाशब्दाश्चतुथाथ । (म.भा. 2)
1. गौः (गोत्स्िम् - universal)
2. शुक्लः (गौः शुक्लः - quality)
3. चलः (दिया - action)
4. वडत्स्थः (a name, known on convention)
Dandi attests him so –
शब्दरेैि प्रतीयन्ते जावतद्रव्यगुणदियाः ।
चातुर्विध्यादमीषां तु शब्द उक्तः चतुर्विधः ।।
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शब्दिैविध्यम्
नैयावयकाः – रूढ-यौवगक-योगरूढ-यौवगकरूढाददिमेण
शब्दचातुर्विध्यं न्यरूपयन् ।
1. रूढ (conventional) – विप्रः, गौः, घटः
2. यौवगक (derivative) – पाचकः
3. योगरूढ (derivative-conventional) – पङ्कजम्
4. यौवगकरूढम् (derivative/conventional) – उविद्
Viswanatha clarifies thus –
ऄन्यवद्ध शब्दानां व्युत्स्पविवनवमिमन्यच्च प्रिृविवनवमिम् ।
However, Kumarila says –
सिो वह शब्दो ऄथथप्रत्स्यायनाथं प्रयुज्यते ।
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
प्रिृविवनवमिम्
येन कारणेन यतय शब्दतय प्रयोगे प्रिृविभथिवत तत् -
प्रिृविवनवमिम् ।
प्रकृष्टािृविः प्रिृविः (िृविनाथम िोधन)ं; वनवमिं नाम द्वारम् = येन
धमेण यतय शब्दतय प्रकृष्टिोधनं भिवत तदिेेवत ।
= the reason for application of a word to an object
since pravrttis are different, accordingly pravrtti
nimittas are also different
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
ऄथथः
यस्मतमततूच्चाररते शब्द ेयदा योऽथथः प्रतीयते ।
तमाहुरथं ततयैि नान्यदथथतय लक्षणम् ।। (िा.प. 2.330)
एकतयैिात्स्मनो भेद ैशब्दाथाथिपृथवक्तथतौ । िा.प. 2.31
ऄतमात् पदात् ऄयमथो िोद्धव्यः आतीच्छा िा
आद ंपदम् ऄमुमथं िोधयतु आतीच्छा िा
Acquiring meaning of words can be of two kinds –
‘by self experience’ and ‘through a trust worthy
person’
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शाब्दिोधः
is a linguistic understanding
knowledge of words, knowledge of meaning of
words, denotative function etc., contribute to the
above
Semantically, a meaningful sentence also should
satisfy these factors – अकाङ्क्षा, योग्यता and सविवध
The word शाब्दिोध itself is an example of योगरूढ
category
What is Semantics?
विकासोथथतय तिेदाः पररिृिेश्च हतेिः ।
एकानेकाथथसंज्ञानम् ऄथथविज्ञानवमष्यते ।।
-- कवपलः12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शब्दशवक्तः
आवन्द्रयाणां तिविषयेष्िनाददयोग्यता यथा ।
ऄनाददरथैः शब्दानां सम्िन्धो योग्यता तथा ।। िा.पय 3.3.29
Naiyayikas differ since, words such as devadatta
etc., do not have such yogyata. Hence, it is sanketa that performs the function of sakti
शवक्त is a part of िृवि
शवक्त = potency
िृवि = relation between a word and its meaning
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
शवक्तग्रहोपायाः
शवक्तग्रह ंव्यकारणोपमानकोशाप्तिाक्यद्व्यिहारतश्च ।
िाक्यतय शेषावद्विृतेिथदवन्त साविध्यतः वसद्धपदतय िृद्धाः ।।
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
ऄथथसशंीवतकारणावन
Natural languages are abundant of ambiguities
Metaphor, purport, polysemous words etc., cause
ambiguity in meaning.
Metaphor is widely accepted and numerous
polysemous words can be seen in Sanskrit
The polysemous word ‘Hari’ has more than fourteen
meanings
यमावनलेन्द्रचन्द्राकथ विष्णुस्मसहांशुिावजषु ।
शुकावहकवपभेकेषु हररनाथ कवपले वत्रषु ।। AK 3.3.174
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
Tools?
हरिर पश्य - How to resolve ambiguity?
Bhartrhari’s answer –
वाक्यात ्प्रकरणादथाात ्औचित्यादे्दशकाऱत् ।शब्दाथाा् प्रववभज्यन्ते न रूऩादेव केवऱात ्।। VP 2.314
‘Word and its meaning should be interpreted based on
the linguistic context but not merely on the word forms.
Tools such as syntactic connection, context of situation,
meaning, propriety, location and time are required to be
applied in such crisis’.
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
Deciding Factors of Meaning
अथाचनणाायकहेतव् -
संयोगो ववप्रयोगश्च साहिय ंववरोचधताअथा् प्रकरणं चऱङ्गं शब्दस्यान्यस्य सन्न्नचध् ।सामर्थयामौचिती देश् काऱो व्यविस्स्वरादय्
शब्दाथास्यानवच्छेदे ववशेषस्मचृतहेतव् ।। वा.ऩ. 2.315
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
उदाहरणावन
1. संयोगः (association)– सशङ्खचिो हररः
2. विप्रयोगः (dissociation) – ऄशङ्खचिो हररः
3. साहचयथम् (companionship) – रामलक्ष्मणौ
4. विरोवधता (opposition) – रामाजुथनौ
5. ऄथथः (purpose) – तथाणुं भज भिवच्छदे
6. प्रकरणम् (context) – दिेो जानावत सिथम्
7. वलङ्गः (indication) – कुवपतो मकरध्िजः
8. ऄन्यशब्दसविवधः (proximity of another word) – करेण
राजते नागः
9. सामर्थयथम् (capacity) – मधुना मिः कोदकलः
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
उदाहरणावन
10. औवचवतः (propriety) – पातु िो दवयतामुखम्
11. दशेः (place) – विभावत गगने चन्द्रः
12. कालः (time) - वचत्रभानरु्विभात्स्यसौ
13. व्यवक्तः (gender) – वमत्रो भावत/वमत्रं भावत
14. तिरः (accent) – आन्द्रशत्रुिथधथति
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
िाक्याथथज्ञानहतेनूां परीक्षा
1. 'िलोिरेण हररणा नागमल्लविभेददना ।
श्रुगालतसाम्यमाकांक्षन् शौयाथवधक्यं न विन्दवत ।। S.N. 2.9
A lion is powerful. When a jackal desiring
resemblance in strength with a lion which is
adequate to break the temple of an elephant, will not
equal with the lion, though lion and jackal reside in
the same forest, both have paws and both eat the
flesh of a killed elephant.
Deciding factors:
ऄन्यशब्दसविवधः, विरोवधता, विशेषणविशेष्यभािः12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
िाक्याथथज्ञानहतेनूां परीक्षा
2. शतैततमक्ष्णामवनमेषिृविवभः हरिर विददत्स्िा हररवभश्च िावजवभः ।
ऄिोचदनें गगनतपृशा रघुः तिरेण धीरेण वनितथयविि ।। R.V. 3.43
King Raghu plans for a horse sacrifice for the
welfare of the people. आन्द्र, thinking that He may
equal him in power after the sacrifice, steals away
the sacrificial horse. But King Raghu identifies him
based on some signs – ‘hundred eyes’, ‘without
winking’ and ‘accompanied by brown/tawny horses
Deciding factors:
संयोगः, ऄन्यशब्दसविवधः, कोशः, साहचयथम्
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
िाक्याथथज्ञानहतेनूां परीक्षा
3. सौकयोद्यतया मूत्स्याथ दिानन्दः िसुंधराम् ।
आमाम् हररररिोद्धृत्स्य यः िभार वचरं भुजे ।। V.P.V. 19.26.4
When daemon हहरण्याऺ folded the entire globe like a
mat and thrown it in to the sea, god Vishnu incarnated
in the form of ‘Hari’ (pig) and lifted the globe out of
ocean and killed the daemon to sustain the order of
creation. King Surya Prabha who ruled the city
vakrolakam, was also happily rules his city such a way
that Varaha protected the globe with ease.
Deciding factors:
उपमानम्, अप्तिाक्यम्, िाक्यशेषः , ऄन्यशब्दसविवधः, कालः12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
Grammar is the central point to any language.
Knowledge of the sentences spoken by a speaker or
the sentences penned by an author should lead the
hearer/reader to a proper sabdabodha.
Saktigrahopayas and the fourteen contextual factors
function as connecting tools between word and its
contextualized meaning.
Summary
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH
तमरेम !
समुद्रिद्व्याकरणं महशे्वरे
तदथथकुम्भोद्धरणं िृहतपतौ ।
तिागाच्च शतं पुरन्दरे
कुशाग्रविन्दतू्स्पवततं वह पावणनौ ।।
THANK [email protected]
12/23/2009National Workshop on Sanskrit and Computers:
Getting Equipped with New Challenges, UoH