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BEING CURIOUS
BEING SENSITIVE
1900 21002003 2050
The State of the Planet
Consequences: Four Earths needed in 2100
Global Climate Change and Urbanization
1900
15% urban
2000
~50% urban
Present carbon cycle
SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS
Very fast (less than 1 year)
Fast (1 to 10 years)
Slow (10 to 100 years)
Very slow (more than 100 years)
Storage and flux of carbon(in billions of tones)
Human activity influence
Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)
Visual impact of Climate Change
LESS VISUAL BUT WITH MAJOR IMPACT
> Temperature increase> Less & erratic rain
Agriculture and food securityCrop yields, irrigation demands...
ForestComposition, health and productivity...
Water resourcesWater supply, water quality...
Species and natural areasBiodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human healthInfectious diseases, human settlements...
Consequences of climate change:
Climate Changes in India
Cooling trend in northwest India and parts of South India.
Regional monsoon variations: increased monsoon seasonal rainfall along the west coast,
northern Andhra Pradesh and North-western India,
decreased monsoon seasonal rainfall over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North-eastern India, and parts of Gujrat and Kerala.
Climate Changes in India
Observed trends of multi-decadal periods of more
frequent droughts, followed by less severe droughts.
Studies have shown a rising trend in the frequency of
heavy rain events and decrease in frequency of
moderate events over central India from 1951 to
2000.
Climate Changes in India
Records of coastal tide gauges in the north Indian ocean for the last 40 years has revealed an estimated
sea level rise between 1.06-1.75 mm per year.
The available monitoring data on Himalayan glaciers
indicates recession of some glaciers.
VulnerabilityVulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity
Exposure•Exposure is what is at risk from climate change, e.g.,– Population– Resources– Property
•It is also the climate change that an affected system will face, e.g., – Sea level– Temperature– Precipitation– Extreme events
Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of climate change– Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand• It considers the socioeconomic
context, e.g., the agriculture system
• Grain crops typically are sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is much less sensitive
Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt• Function of:
– Wealth– Technology – Education– Institutions– Information– Infrastructure– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity does not mean it is used effectively
Vulnerability is a Function of …
• More exposure and sensitivity increase vulnerability
• More adaptive capacity decreases vulnerability
• An assessment of vulnerability should consider all three factors
Adaptation“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or “expected” (future) changes in climate
Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptationAutonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what people and systems do as impacts of climate change become apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to reduce potential risks of future climate change
Climate Change will put additional stress in rural areas
In the life of a farmer climate Variability and
Extreme events are
more important
than climate change
Vulnerability of poor in rural areas
Two-thirds of households derive
income directly from natural sources
Natural resources are threatened by stresses - Biotic &
Abiotic
Agriculture & natural resource
based livelihoods at immediate risk
Rural poor do not have resources to
cope
AgricultureIndia ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are
rural. Majority are in agriculture.
Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is
about 55%.
Marginal and small farmers dominate
Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse cereals,
groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, fruits and
vegetables
60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area
is under irrigation.
Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05.
Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the
policies of provinces are also important
Rural Livelihoods - Resources
The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly dependent on environmental resources.
Are vulnerable to weather and climate variability
land Water Forests Energy
water stress increases
groundwater levels recede
soil fertility declines
forest habitats disappear.
• (i) Earthquake• (ii) Volcanic eruptions• (iii) Tsunamis
(a) Phenomena beneath earth’s surface
• (i) Landslides• (ii) Avalanches
(b) Phenomena at earth’s surface
DISASTERSNatural Disasters
• (i) Windstorms ( Cyclones, Hurricanes )• (ii) Tornadoes• (iii) Hailstorms, snowstorms• (iv) Sea surges• (v) Floods, dam bursts• (vi) Droughts
( c ) Meteorological / Hydrological Phenomena
• (i) Locust swarms• (ii) Epidemics of diseases
( d ) Biological Phenomena
Cont…
• ( i ) Conventional Warfare• ( ii ) Nuclear, Biological & Chemical Warfare• (iii) Terrorism (includes Bioterrorism)
(a) Caused by Warfare
• ( i ) Vehicular ( All types of transportation)• ( ii ) Conflagrations, explosions, fires, building collapses.• ( iii ) Deliberate explosive attacks• ( iv ) Toxic gas leaks, chemical/poisoning• (v) Insidious disasters
( b ) Accidents
• Green house effect
(c) Others
Cont…Man Made Disasters
URBAN FLOODS
Chennai Floods
Source: India Today, 1st Dec 2015
According to Skymet data, during the month of November, Chennai recorded a whopping 1218.6 mm of rain – three times its monthly rainfall. The normal rainfall figures for November stand at 407.4 mm. On the first day of December itself, Chennai recorded 374 mm and the heavy rainfall will continue for few more days.
Chennai Floods
GEO Water Filter
CLIMATE CHANGE VARIABILITY IN SEMI-ARID
REGIONS
Precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.
CONCERNS
DROUGHT PROOFINGRURAL• SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS
ENVIRONMENTURBAN• SUSTAINABLE HABITATS
The drought-prone areas are confined mainly to the peninsular and western parts of the country.
These regions suffer drought mostly due to the cumulative effects of changing precipitation pattern, excessive water utilization and ecologically unsuitable agriculture practices
About 107 mha of the country spread over administrative districts in several states is affected by drought
Andhra Pradesh & Telangana - Administrative districts frequently affected by drought
Ananthapur Chittoor Cuddapah
Hyderabad Kurnool Mahaboobnagar
Nalgonda Prakasam
Freshwater management in India
Anupma Sharma
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building
• Water in the tanks• Conserving the trees• Conserving fodder rather selling• Food grains storage rather selling
1. Conserving the
resources
• Prioritizing the sale in distress• Continue to do any work which provides food or wage• Stop risking through going for borewells / wells• Reduce input costs• Ensure drinking water for people and animals• Food and fodder security
2. Coping
• Don’t sell your land• Try avoiding getting credit – the interest rates would swallow you• Stop unnecessary spending on the cultural / social events – festivals, marriages,
etc.• Be united rather being in nuclear / dis-jointed families.• Don’t cut / sell trees• Take care of the health, so as to reduce the expenses on health
3. Not to do
• Micro-irrigation practices• Go for Sustainable and subsistence crops rather just commercial crops• Social networks are useful be in the groups existing at various levels
4. Prepare for the
adaptation
Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction
Livelihood support enforcing rights
Productivity of natural resources
Enhancement of knowledge
Capitals
Way Forward: Adaptation : Polyhouse, Green House & SWAR
Way Forward: BIOCHAR
Biochar is another name for charcoal used for purposes other than combustion.
Like all charcoal, biochar is created by the pyrolysis of biomass.
Way Forward: BIOCHAR APPLICATION
SOIL CARBON INCREASEMOISTURE CONSERVATIONFERTILIZERS CONSERVATIONINCREASE IN YIELD
Way Forward : Improved Stoves:
Way Forward: CONSERVATION OF URBAN WATER BODIES
Way Forward: FLOATIGATION
Way Forward: FLOATIGATION
Way Forward: FLOATIGATION
TELANGANG MAP
KAKATIYA KALATORANAM
FISH SHAPEFISH
BOAT
FLOATIGATION
Way Forward: Floating Garden and Parks
FLOATIGATIONGROWING CROPS ON RESERVOIRS
/ TANKS / IRIGATION CANALS / DRINAGE SYSTEMS, ETC.
FLOATS (THERMOCOL / PLASTICS)
BIOCHAR + (MEDIA FOR GROWTH)
FLOATIGATION ON CANAL / DRAINAGE FOR CROPS
PADDY
FLOATIGATION ON CANALS / DRAIANGE FOR CROPS
CROSS SECTION OF FLOATIGATION
BIOCHAR + (MEDIA FOR GROWTH)
PLANTS
DROUGHT TOLERANT GARDENS
LOW WATER REQUIREMENT, PERENIAL GREENARY, AESTHETICS, ADAPTATION, SOLAR RADIATION,
MAINTENANCE FREE
Why Drought Tolerant PlantsDrought tolerant plants are not limited to cacti and succulents. There are thousands of species of beautiful flowers, shrubs, vines and ground covers that are “un” thirsty and could save more than 50% of the water used in a more traditional landscape. Drought tolerant gardening also involves sensible management like installation of drip irrigation systems, timers, water sensors, and above all, MULCH! Mulching and composting beds will improve soil quality, reduce evaporation and encourage better water absorption. Native plants, those plants which naturally grow in our climate, need only about half as much water as most exotic species. They also provide habitat for our native birds and butterflies.
© DR. N. SAI BHASKAR REDDY
FLOATIGATION
SUNLIGHT GREEN HOUSE EFFECT(SALT WATER EVAPORATES INTO FRESH WATER)
SEA WATER / BRACKISH WATER / POLLUTED WATER / FLOOD WATER
FRESH WATER (FLOWS INTO BIOCHAR)
RAIN WATER
© DR. N. SAI BHASKAR REDDY
FLOATIGATION
Perforated pipe
Sand
Biochar
Gravel
Way Forward: SEWAGIGATION
Road
Sewerage
Clean water for irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Way Forward: SEWAGIGATION
Way Forward: SEWAGIGATION
CITY
RiverCatchment of city
Green Belt
Ringroad
Cascades
Way Forward: Future cities – annular / circular / segregated water harvesting water bodies
Way Forward: Roads as Water Sources for Filling Urban Water Bodies
Way Forward:
Way Forward: OUTER RING ROAD – 158 KMS LENGTHPROPOSED REGIONAL RING ROAD – 290 KMS POTENTIAL FOR ~100 WATER BODIES CREATION
Way Forward: Roads as Dams
GREENERY
WALKWAYS, PARKS & TRAFFIC ISLANDS
Way Forward: WATER USE EFFICIENCY
MONITORING WATER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
MONITORING
MANAGEMENT
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Way Forward: Monitoring the flows
Way Forward: Way Forward: Monitoring the flows
Solar Power
Arduino, SIM 900, Battery, Temp and Relative Humidity
sensor
Bowman Water Tube with ultrasonic sensor
RBC Flume with ultrasonic sensor
ClimaAdapt Project, Kondrapole, Miryalaguda, Nalgonda
Way Forward:
Water Level in Field water tube (Bowman) using ultrasonic sensor
Way Forward:
Way Forward: AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATION
Way Forward: AWARENESS TO CHILDRREN ON
WATER CONSERVATION & MONITORING
ClimaAdapt Project, Kondrapole, Miryalaguda,
Nalgonda
Glow Level for Tube wells –
Colour LEDs for different levels of water in the
tube wells
Way Forward:
SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT IN
THE SOIL
Way Forward:
Way Forward:
TAJ ECO ZONE
Total area deforested is about: 10 acres, within 500 meters from Taj Mahal
TAJ ECO ZONE – AREA WITHIN 500 M
TREES WERE CUT & AN ARTIFICIAL POND
EXCAVATED (Between 30-04-2011 & 29-06-2012)
29-6-2012
TREES WERE CUT (Between 01-07-2012 &
15-01-2013)
15-1-2013
NEWLY LAID ROAD & POND EXCAVATED
(Between 24-04-2013 & 29-11-2013)
29-11-2013
TREES WERE CUT AND EXCAVATION DONE
(Between 24-04-2013 & 29-11-2013)
BABARPURTrees were cut between 24-4-2013 and 24-11-2013. Trees were uprooted in about 14 acres of land.
30/4/2014
FLOOD AFFECTED AREA (433 meters altitude) in 2013
9/10/1999Flood eroded shore area
30/4/2014Flood eroded shore area
Thank
you…Ref: http://...
