Upload
russel-june-ramirez
View
27
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD6 – 11 YEARS OLD
3
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
What gains in growth,brain development,
and motor developmentoccur in school-age children,
and what are their nutritional and sleep needs?
4
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
1. HEIGHT & WEIGHT less rapid than in earlier years
each year grows about 2 to 3 inches
lower portion of body growing
fastest
bones lengthen
muscles become flexible5
ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
6
2. NUTRITION & SLEEPessential for normal growth and health
2, 400 calories each day
5 years old – 11 hours
9 years old – 10 hours
13 years old – 9 hours
Nutrition Problems in Middle Childhood
Little focus on eating
Fewer meals with family
Too few fruits and vegetables
Too many fried foods and soft drinks
• Poverty - lack of nutritional food7
Nutrition Problems cont.• By middle childhood, the effects of prolonged
and serious malnutrition are apparent in: 1. retarded physical growth2. low intelligence test scores3. poor motor coordination4. inattention
• Malnutrition for many years - permanent damage
8
3. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
The brain structure is complex. It is the product of the interaction
between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors
9
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
• As children acquire more complex abilities, stimulated neurons increase in synaptic connections and their neural fibers become more elaborate and myelinated
• Loss in the density of gray matter(closely –packed neural bodies)
–reflects pruning of unused dendrites.
• Balanced by a steady increase in white matter
–axons or nerve fibers that transmit information between neurons to distant regions of the brain
10
11
• Cortex of temporal lobes thickens, at the same time, thinning occurs in the rear portion of the frontal and parietal cortex in the brain’s left hemisphere.
• The corpus callosum thickens - leads to improved communication between the two cortical hemispheres.
• Lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres increases over the school years.
Brain Development
• Brain functioning may also change because of an increase in androgens (male sex hormones) that occurs in both boys and girls around age 7 to 8.
12
4. MOTOR DEVELOPMENTIN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Gross Motor Skills Improvements
1. Flexibility2. Balance3. Agility4. Force
Fine Motor Skills Gains
1. Writing2. Drawing
13
Fine Motor Development – Writing tends to be large at first, and legibility
gradually increases.
– Drawings show gains in 1. organization2. detail3. representation of depth
– School-age children not only – (1) depict objects in considerable detail, they
also – (2) relate them to one another as part of an
organized whole.
14
Six-Year Old’s Drawing
15
Eight-Year Old’s Drawing
16
Ten-Year Old’s Drawing
17
Individual Differences in Motor Skills
Body build
Family encouragement, expectations
School & community lessons available
18
Rough and Tumble Play
Friendly chasing and play-fighting(wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling) accompanied by laughing and screaming
Boys play more physically active games
Girls favor games that include verbal expression
19
Physical Education
• Physical education classes – provide for exercise and play on a regular basis – this supports:
1. healthy bodies
2. a sense of self-worth as physically active and capable beings.
3. the cognitive and social skills necessary for getting along well with others.
20
Accidents in Middle Childhood Most common types:
Motor vehicle Bicycle Pedestrian
Prevention
Teach safety Model safe behavior Require helmets Watch high-risk children more
21
22
EVOLUTIONARY STANDPOINT:As the child gets older (11 years old), he hones
skeletal & muscle development that may channel aggression & competition, &becomes a way to establish dominance within the peer group.
ENDOF
PHYSICALDEVELOPMENT
23