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MORPHOLOGYPresented by

:Warriors Force/Alpha Company

PRESENTERS Azrar Ahmed Chishti Saima Uzma Aslam Asma Husna Nazia Iram Shaheen Awais Jamil Chishti

All of us will teach you according to the concept of Microteaching.

CONTENTS: Morphology

Morphemes

Types of Morphemes with examples Word formation Process with examples 1) Derivation 2) Compounding 3) Blending 4) Acronyms 5) Coinage

BACK GROUND Morphology is a branch of Biology that deals with the

study of plants and animals shape formation.

In linguistics, morphology  is the identification, analysis and description of the struct

ure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context.

In Linguistics, Panini was the first who worked on Sanskrit and formed 3959 rules of Sanskrit morphology.

Now Morphology has gained the distinct position as sub branch of Linguistics.

What is

MORPHOLOGY ?

DEFINITIONS BY

LINGUISTS

That means MORPHOLOGY studies how phonemes are combined to form words.

Richards et al (1993)“it is the study of

morphemes and their different forms, and the way they in word formations” (p.237)

Nuwara & Ahmed (2001)

“It is the study of internal structure of words and of rules by which words formed” (p. 63)

What is MORPHEME ?

Greet Booij (2005)

Defined morpheme as the smallest part of a word that has a meaning and can not be divided into smaller unit.

TYPES OF MORPHEMES :There are two types of Morphemes :

FREE MORPHEMES

BOUND MORPHEMES.

-According to Francis (1993), they are divided to two types are:

FREE MORPHEMES:-Free morphemes defined by Nuwara & Ahmed (2001) as words

can stand alone and make sense called ROOTS . Examples: Hand – Lord – Cat

Lexical Morphemes Functional Morphemes

Words that have meaning by themselve

- Nouns, (e.g.): Amna, Hawa, father, Fauzia, Hala, Aisha, Mother.

- Adjectives, (e.g.): clever, sharp.

- Verbs, (e.g.): beat, read.

- Propositions, (e.g.): in, over, under…etc.

simply modifies the meaning of the word, rather than supplying the root meaning of the word.

Or that has some function.

- Articles: a, the, an. - Demonstratives:

these, those, that, this. - Pronouns: you, they,

we….etc. - Conjunctions: and,

but, yet, if…etc.

BOUND MORPHEMES:

-They are not words but parts of words occur before and after free morphemes, we call them PREFIXES and SUFFIXES.

-Bound Morphemes are the opposite of free morphemes, they can not stand alone and they have to be with other morphemes (FREE MORPHEMES) .

Examples: Ly, Un, Dis, Ness

TYPES OF BOUND MORPHEMES 1) DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES

Are those bound morphemes that we use in making new words or making

words of a different grammatical category from the stem.or

A derivational morpheme is the prefix or suffix used to create one word from another.  (Change in Meaning of words) Example:good(adj.)+-ness(derivational morpheme) =goodness(noun)

care(noun)+-ful(derivational morpheme) =careful(adj.) A list of derivational morphemes concludes;suffixes:-ish, -less, ly …etc. prefixes: re-,pre-, un-, ex-, mis-, co- …etc.

Derivational morphemes can be developed by the addition of

Suffix Meaning Example

-acy state or quality privacy-al act or process of refusal-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance,

eminence-dom place or state of

beingfreedom, kingdom

-er, -or one who trainer, protector-ism doctrine, belief communism-ist one who chemist-ity, -ty quality of veracity-ment condition of argument-sion, -tion state of being concession, transitionSuffix Meaning Example-ate become eradicate-en become enlighten-ify, -fy make or become terrify-ize, -ise become civilize

Suffix Meaning Example

-able being 'able' movable, portable

-al relating to global, manual

-en made of golden, wooden

-ful full of hopeful, wishful

-ic characteristic of domestic

-ive tending to sensitive, selective

-less lack of, without endless, powerless

-ous full of enormous, mysterious

-y state, having windy, slowly

Suffix Meaning Example

-ate become eradicate

-en become enlighten

-ify, -fy make or become terrify

-ize, -ise become civilize

Are those morphemes that are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical

function of a word.(change in Grammar of a word)

Example: clean+(-ed)=cleaned tenses

  Inflectional morphemes are also

called(inflections).

2 )Inflectional Morphemes

ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS EIGHT INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES.

1. -'s (possessive) with nouns *Jane's brother

2. _s (plural) * pens

3.-ing (present participle) *teaching

4. –s (3rd person singular) with verbs *she likes

5.-ed(past tense) *played

6. –en(past participle) *forgotten

7. – est (superlative) with adjectives *happiest

8. –er (comparative) *happier

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION what's the difference between

inflectional morpheme and derivational morpheme?

Inflectional morpheme ,never change the grammatical category of a word.

-Old (adj.) Older (adj.)

While derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word .

-teach (v.) teacher (n.)

ACTIVITYFind morphemes

The girl’s wildness shocked the teachers.

Write it down on your note books.

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION  THE GIRL 'S WILD NESS SHOCK ED THE TEACH ER S      (FUNCTIONAL) INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL DERIVATIONAL LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL INFLECTIONAL LEXICAL LEXICAL LEXICAL

INFLECTIONAL

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

How new words are being formed in the language.

Word formation is of great interest for linguists as it sheds light on other aspects of language.

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WHY ARE NEW WORDS NEEDED?

Because of new inventions and changes Language is dynamic vast amount of new inventions made in

the 20th and 21st

One of the distinctive properties of human language is creativity

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ENTRY OF A WORD IN A LANGUAGE

etymology: studies of the history of words, their origin, and how their form

and meaning changed over time

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ENGLISH WORD FORMATIONThere are 12 methods to form a new word as

they are given below

1. coinage 2. Borrowing, 3. Calque 4. Compound5. Derivation 6. Blending7. Backformation 8. Conversion 9.Acronym 10. Initialism11. Onomatopoeia 12. Clipping

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6. BLENDING A blending is a combination of two or more

words to create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one

Ex: brunch =breakfast+ lunch motel = motor + hotel smog = smoke + fog transistor = transfer + resistor emoticon = emotion + icon webinar = web+ seminar

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4. COMPOUNDING Compounding is the process of

putting words together to build a new one that ''does not denote two things, but one'' and that is ''pronounced as one unit''

Ex: -handbag=hand + bag; -wallpaper=wall + paper; -fingerprint=finger + print; -sunburn=sun + burn,

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CompoundingDISH +

WASHER

PENCIL + CASE

FULL + MOON

FIRE + FLY

5. DERIVATION Derivation, as ''the most common word formation

process'', builds new words by adding morphemes

word formation by affixes

By prefixes: un-usual , mis-pronounce mis-lead, dis-respect

By suffixes: care-less, child-ish faith-ful

prefix and suffix: dis-loyal-ty un-erring-ly

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Acronyms

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

United States of America Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

Radio Detection and Ranging

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SOME MORE EXAMPLES e-cruitment-online recruitment of

employees; online submission of resumes and cover letters

netbook–small laptop computer which weighs less than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10 inch screen

notspot-an area where there is slow internet access or no connection at all

slumdog-very poor, underprivileged person who lives in an overcrowded a slum

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QUESTIONS What is Morphology? What are Morphemes? What are the types of Morphemes. How many methods can be used to form

words? Who will define compounding? Define blending?