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The Role of Women in the Third Reich
Clarissa Nitihardjo002171-012
IB History HL
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Focus Questions
• What role were women to play in the Nazi state?
• How did the Nazi try to implement their ideas?
• How successfully did the Nazis impose their ideology on German women?
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WHAT ROLE WERE WOMEN TO PLAY IN THE NAZI STATE?
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Sources in p. 293-294
• Sources 2-6– To have kids– To work in the kitchen & take care of households– To be “womanly complement of man”
• Sources 7-9– Woman’s world is smaller than men’s– Women can’t go to men’s world– Only think emotionally
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• Source 10-13– To be pretty– Have to get married– Have kids no matter how bad their living
conditions are• Sources 14-15
– To ask other women to be the same
All of these will lead women to find their man
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HOW DID THE NAZI TRY TO IMPLEMENT THEIR IDEAS?
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Laws
• 1933: The Law for the Reduction of Unemployment– Linking it with women policy
• Marriage loans• Restrictions on women’s employment in
the Civil Services• Divorce become easier
– Too boost birth rate
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Organizations
• Series of organizations– Not mere propaganda– Support women & children
• Number of women attending recuperation homes after childbirth increases (1934-1938)
• Prolific mothers were awarded medals
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Nazi Organizations for Women• 10-14 Young Girls• 14-18 League of German Girls• 18-21 Faith and Beauty• NSF (National Socialist Women’s Organization)• DFW (German Women’s Enterprise)• RAD and DAF women’s sections• NSV (National Socialist People’s Welfare)
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How effective were Nazi policies?• Contradictions
– Attitude towards marriage• Hitler Youth taught the children to challenge any non-Nazi
attitude parents = victim
– Divorces & sterilization for non-Aryan• Anger Church
– Attempts to drive women back home less successful• Employment of women increased
– Opportunities in universities was restricted• But later reversed
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How effective were Nazi policies?
• Historian Mason argued“The regime was more popular with women
than men”
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Conclusion
• Impact of Nazi policy on women– Debate among historians
• This illustrates some of the limitations of the totalitarian nature– Cautious approach
• Complex & varied– Not simply reflection of Nazi ideology
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Churches vs. Nazi in the Third Reich
Clarissa Nitihardjo002171-012
IB History HL
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Focus Questions
• How did the Nazis regime treat the Churches?
• How did the Churches react to the Nazi state?
• How did the German people respond to the uneasy relationship between Church and state?
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INTRODUCTION
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Rewind to 1933
• Concordat between Pope and Hitler• Sept 1933: Hundreds of Pastors created a
break away movement
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Churches before 1933• Catholic
– Members 22 million– Powerful: range of bodies, schools, charities– Catholic Z and BVP parties received about
20% of the votes in Weimar elections• Protestants
– Members: 40 million– Majorly: Lutheran and Calvinist– Youth organizations: 0.7 million
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Religious Organization during the Third Reich
• Reich Church– Organization of the Protestant Churches– Hitler hoped to dominate it– But state-controlled Church reaction &
broke away• German Christians
– Wanted to restructure Protestantism racially based– “SA of the Church” adopted Nazi styles (uniform &
salute)
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Religious Organization during the Third Reich
• Confessional Churches– 1934 broke away from Reich Church– Not based on opposition to Nazism as such– To defend the Protestant Church against state
interference
• German Faith Movement– Stage 3– Wanted to replace Christianity with a new pagan Nazi
faith– Remained small sect
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HOW DID THE NAZI REGIME TREAT THE CHURCHES?
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STAGE ONE
CONTROL – Gain as much control as possible over Churches
a. Creating of a unified Protestant Reich Church Failed since Confessional Church broke away
b. Concordat agreement with Pope OK at first, later criticism of state infingement
Nazi Policy Towards the Church
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Nazi Policy Towards the Church
STAGE TWO
WEAKEN – Weaken hold of traditional Christianity
a. Make Protestantism more Nazi via German Christians Provoked reaction and increased support
for Confessional Church
b. Undermine and reduce influence of Catholic Church Public hostility
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STAGE THREE
REPLACE – Replace Christianity with a true Nazi religiona. Replace Christianity with German Faith
Movement Only sporadic attempts to achieve this;
postponed until after war
Nazi Policy Towards the Church
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Nazi Church
• Attacking what they saw as Church interference– However, Several Gauleiter abandoned anti-
Church activities• Hitler Youth—Less and less stress was put
on religious education in schools– 1935: 65%, 1937: 5%, 1939: none
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• 200 priests were accused of sexual & financial affairs
• 1937: over 100,000 Christians left Church
1939: 3.5 millionNeo-pagan movement
Nazi Church
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HOW DID THE CHURCH REACT TO THE NAZI STATE?
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Churches Nazi
• Churches were more concerned with protecting their institutions
• There were several critical statements• 1937: Pope issued the encyclical “With
Burning Grief”– Government’s breaking of Concordat– Harassment of priests– Nazi idolatry of the state & race
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Ludwig Müller
• Nationalist & anti-Semitic Protestant• Became a Bishop in 1933• Pushed into the background after break
away of Confessional Church• 1946: Committed Suicide
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Alfred Rosenburg
• Anti-Semitic, Anti-Christian Nazi Ideologue• German Faith Movement (Pagan)• Fought hard against Christianity• Hanged in 1946
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Dietrich Bonhöffer• 1935: Confessional Church • Broadcast a critique of the Führerprinzip
• Cut off• Taught and encourage trainee pastors
to resist Nazism– College closed and banned form
preaching• 1945: Executed in concentration camp
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HOW DID GERMAN PEOPLE RESPOND TO THE UNEASY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE?
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German Church vs. State
• Source 16.16 p. 313– Police report in Cologne, March 1934
• Source 16.17 p. 313– Bavarian district police report, June 1939
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German Church vs. State
• Christian faith remained strong & increased in WWII
• German Faith Movement (Pagan) failed• There was more criticism and opposition
to the regime from individual than from the Churches
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Thank You
