Neurons

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2

3

Associationneuron

Cellbody

Motorneuron

Axon

Dendrites

Sensoryneuron

Direction ofconduction

Cell body

Dendrites

Cell body

Axon

Axon

Dendrites

Axons

Figure 12-31 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Glial Cells

Roughly 3 times more glia than neurons

Astrocytes

StructuralGlycogen fuel reserve bufferMetabolic supportBlood–brain barrier?Transmitter uptake and releaseRegulation of ion concentration

in the extracellular spaceModulation of synaptic transmissionVasomodulationPromotion of the myelinating activity

of oligodendrocytesNervous system repairLong-term potentiation

Text

Maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling

Microglia

Macrophagesof the CNS

ScavengingPhagocytosisCytotoxicityAntigen presentationSynaptic strippingPromotion of repairExtracellular signaling

Oligodendrocytes

A.M. BUTT, K. COLQUHOUN, AND M. BERRY

Schwann Cells

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Dendrites

Schwanncell

Schwanncell

Axon

Nucleus

Schwanncell

Axon

Myelin sheath

Myelinsheath

Axon

Myelin

“...fatty substance that surrounds the axons of many neurons.”

“...wrapping their cell membranes around the axon in a concentric manner.”

Water: 40%

Remainder: 70 - 85% Lipids15 - 30% Proteins

Action Potential

MembraneDepolarization

Figure 12-33 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Voltage-GatesSodium Channels

Figure 12-34 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 12-35 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

MembraneRepolarization

Voltage-GatedPotassium Channels

Figure 12-29 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 12-39b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

SynapticTransmission

Figure 12-40a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 12-40b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Voltage-GatedCalcium Channels

Figure 12-41 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 12-42 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 5.14 Molecular mechanisms of exocytosis during neurotransmitter release (Part 2)

Figure 5.9 Local recycling of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals (Part 2)

Neurotransmitters

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Figure 5.3 Sequence of events involved in transmission at a typical chemical synapse

Figure 5.23 Events from neurotransmitter release to postsynaptic excitation or inhibition

Figure 12-45b Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

Figure 12-45a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

NeurotransmitterBiosynthesis

Small Molecules

Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 1)

Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 2)

Neuropeptides(Peptide Neurotransmitters)

β-endorphin

Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 3)

Figure 5.5 Metabolism of small-molecule and peptide transmitters (Part 4)

Electrical Synapses

Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 1)

Gap Junctions

Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 3)

Figure 5.1 Structure of electrical synapses (Part 2)

Axon

Glial Cell

Axon

Axon

Myelin

Axon