Grammar bookBy: Chelsea Brady

ImperfectEl Preterito-car/-gar/-zarSpockCucarachaSnakeModal VerbsLos AdverbiosIrregular AdverbsProgressive Tense

Past tensePresent tense

FutureConditionalSuperlativesFormal CommandsPrepositionsDemonstratives

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IMPERFECT

IRREGULARS

Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)

preterito-past tense “completed action “snapshot” in time-beginning and/or in ending

Ar: er/ir:yo: e i

tu: aste isteel/ella/ud: o ionosotros:amos imos

ellos/ellas:aron ieron

Tocar

•Toque

•Tocaste

•Toco

•Tocamos

•tocaron

Jugar

•jugue

•Jugaste

•Jugo

•Jugamos

•jugaron

Comenzar

•comence

•Comenzaste

•Comenzo

•Comenzamos

•comenzaron

El preterito; -car, -gar, -zar

HA

CE

R -HICE-HICISTE-HIZO-HICIMOS-HICIERON

IR/S

ER -fui

-fuiste-fue-fuimos-fueron

DA

R/V

ER -I

-iste-ioimon-ieron

Spock

Andar anduv-Estar estuv-Poder pua-Poner pus-Querer quis-Saber sup-Tener tuv-Venir vin-Decir dij-Traer traj-Conducir conduj-Producir produj-Traduar traduj-

CUCURACHA

Preterite verbs with a ‘y’ spelling change

STEM CHANGERS

Snake/snakey

Leer

Leí

Leimos

Leiste

Leyó

Leyeron

Dormir

Dormí

Dormimos

Dormiste

Durmió

Dumieron

*Y CHANGERS

Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

Poder+ infinitive (are able to do something)

Querer+ infinitive(want to do something)

Deber+ infinitive (should do something)

Tener que + infinitive(to have to do something)

Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to….)

Modal

alotmucho veryMuy badmal Quite/enoughBastante

•Good/wellbien •alreadyya Sotan littlepoco

Estoy hablando.I am speaking.

Juan está comiendo.John is eating.

María está escribiendo una carta.Mary is writing a letter.

estarEstoyestásestá

estamosestáisestán

hablar: hablando(hablar - ar + ando)

trabajar: trabajando(trabajar - ar + ando)estudiar: estudiando(estudiar - ar + ando)

Progressive

Decir dir-

Hacer har-

Poner pondr-

Salir saldr-

Tener tendre-

Valer vendr-

Poder podr-

Querer querr-

Saber sabr-

-e -as-a

-emos-eis-an

The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture. Conditional will usually translate as would, could, must have, or probably.When would is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.To conjugate regular –ar, -er, and –ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infinitive:

ÍaÍasÍaÍamosÍaisÍan

CONDITIONAL

Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.John is the smartest boy in the class.

María es la chica más delgada de la clase.Mary is the thinnest girl in the class.

Definativearticle

noun Mas(menos) Adjective de

Change to yo’

Change opposite vowel

Ar e

Er/ir a

Tenga-TVenga-vDe-DVaya-VSea-SHaga-HEste-ESepa-S

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of the name of a person or thing.

Ex.: he, him, she, her, they, them

As the name implies, subject pronouns are the pronouns to use for the subject of the sentence.

When the pronoun acts as the object of a preposition, a different set of pronouns is used.

preposition

When you’re pointing out specific things, you use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.

Eso, esto, aquello refer to a situation or ideas, not to specific nouns.

Accent marks denote pronouns which take the place of a noun.

All demonstratives always agree in gender and number in the noun it modifies.

DEMONSTRATIVES