OPERATING SYSTEMS

HARPREET SINGHCSE N2115352

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

• The most important program that runs on your computer.• Provides an interface between the user and the hardware.

THE OPERATING SYSTEM COMMUNICATES WITH VARIOUS DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS

The operating system hides the detail of hardware resources from the programmer and provides theprogrammer with an interface that is easy to use the system. It acts as an intermediate between the hardware and its users .

OPERATING SYSYEM-AN INTERFACE BETWEEN

THE USER AND THE HARDWARE

BRIEF HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1940s and 1950s: electronic digital systems had no operating system

1960s:• era of timesharing and multiprogramming• disappointing efforts of IBM to develop OS/360 operating system• garmiser conference-concept of software engineering

1970s:• general development• development of Unix• beginning of microprocessors and personal computers era• the rise of apple computer

BRIEF HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1980s:• IBM’s entry into the personal computer industry• introduction of Macintosh in 1984• launching of Microsoft's Windows

1990s and beyond:• dominance of Microsoft in the operating system market• 1999-windows NT• 2001-MAC OS X(UNIX)

COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Process Management

Main memory Management

File Management

I/O system Management

Secondary storage Management

COMPONENTS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Networking

Protection System

Command interpretation System

OBJECTIVES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

CONVENIENCE: Makes the computer more convenient to use

EFFICIENCY: Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner.

OBJECTIVES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

MANAGING THE RESOURCES: Keeps track of the resources being used, granting resource requests, handling conflicting requests from different users.

ABILITY TO EVOLVE: Permits effective development, testing and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

PROCESS MANAGEMENT: The scheduler of the operating system allocates various processes to the processor and also decides the order in which the programs will be executed.

MEMORY MANAGEMENT: It keeps the record of the memory in use and also about free memory. It takes care that a program gets desired memory for its execution.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

FILE MANAGEMENT: It keeps the record of when a file/folder was created and when it was last modified. It helps in storing data in various files and folders and also helps one to open or close a file.

SECURITY: It protects the resources and information against the unauthorised access.

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Best use of the computer resources

Provides a background for user’s program to execute

Displays and deals with errors when it happens

Controls the selection and operation of the peripherals

Acts as communication link between users

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. SINGLE USER, SINGLE TASKING:

It manages the computer so that one user can effectively do one task at a time.

Example: MS DOS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS2. SINGLE USER, MULTI TASKING:

It lets a single user have several programs in operation at the same time.

This is the operating system that most desktops and laptops use today.

Example: Microsoft Windows, Linux

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

3. MULTI USER:

Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. It makes sure that the requirements of various users are balanced. Example: Unix, VMS

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS4. REAL TIME: These are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. There is typically very little user interface capability. Resources are managed so that a particular operation executes precisely the same every time.

DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS ON ONE

MACHINE ? It is possible to have more than one operating system available to be used on a machine

Only one operating system is run at a time, though

Examples: VAX-VAS or Ultrix : PCs –DOS, Windows, Linux

MULTI- THREADED SYSTEMS

An operating system is known as multi threaded system when several tasks(processes)may be run at same time.

It is a case of multi user system.

It consists of a sequence of instructions known as threads.

The threads become alternatively active, suspended or destroyed according to their priority or may be run simultaneously.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Operating systems designed to operate on small machines, such as PDAs or autonomous electronic devices with reduced autonomy

Advanced energy management

Ability to operate with limited resources

Main embedded systems for PDAs: Palm OS Windows CE/Windows mobile

FAMOUS OPERATING SYSTEMS

FAMOUS OPERATING SYSTEMS

FREE OPERATING SYSTEMS

MS DOS OPERATING SYSTEM Developed by Microsoft and IBM

Single user operating system for IBM

Introduced in 1981

Command line interface

Programmed in assembly language

Kernel type-Monolithic kernel

MS DOS DESKTOP

MICROSOFT WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Developed by Microsoft

Single user, multi tasking operating system

Introduced in 1985

Graphical user interface

Programmed in C, C++, Assembly language

Kernel type-Hybrid

MICROSOFT WINDOWS DESKTOP

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Developed by Linus Torvalds

Single user, multi tasking operating system

Introduced in 1991

Programmed in various languages

Kernel type-monolithic

Free and open source software

LINUX DESKTOP

UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

Developed by Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie

Multi user operating system

Introduced in 1969

Command line interface and graphical

Kernel type-monolithic

Programmed in C

UNIX DESKTOP

UBUNTU OPERATING SYSTEM

Developed by Canonical Ltd.

Introduced in 2004

Kernel type-monolithic

Open source

UBUNTU DESKTOP

OPERATING SYSTEM MARKET SHARE 2011

OS MARKET SHARE 2012

HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW YOUR OPERATING SYSTEM GOT ITS NAME?

Have you ever wondered what “XP” stands for or where UBUNTU comes from?

MS DOS:

DOS is a generic term for “disk operating system

WINDOWS 1.0-NT 4.0:

The windows name came from the fact that the new operating system,Windows 1.0 had windows a user could interact with in the GUI.Windows stuck with the numbering scheme 1.0-3.1 when it started to work on itsNew Technology(NT).

WINDOWS 95:

Microsoft for a short while began naming their Windows operatingSystem with the year of release indicating the version. Windows 95,98 and millennium edition were all built off to the original Windows 3.1 kernel.

WINDOWS XP, VISTA, WINDOWS 7:

Windows XP was released in 2001 and XP stands for eXPerience.

According to Microsoft, Vista got its name because "At the end of the day... What you are trying to get to is your own personal Vista.”

Windows 7 is the seventh version of Windows 95.Even though 95Wasn’t the first version of Windows , but Windows 10 just doesn't have the same ring to it.

SYSTEM 1-7.5:

The Apple Macintosh computer was released in 1984 and got its name from the Macintosh Apple.

Apple’s system os has always followed a basic revision numbering scheme with every major release getting a 1 point increment with minor updates getting a 0.1 increment.

System 1-4 had no multitasking support.

The first seven versions of the os were simply called “System1-7”.This held true until 7.6 when “system” was replaced by“MAC OS” .

MAC OS 8-10:

MAC OS 8 came out in 1997and was supposed to be called version7.7 but was changed to 8 because of a legal loophole that allowedApple to shut down the 3RD party Macintosh market.

OS X is the tenth version of the Mac operating system and the first OS based on BSD.

LINUX:

Linux itself got its name from Ari Lemmke who ran the FTP server the original Linux Kernel was uploaded to. Linus Torvalds, the creator of the Linux kernel, wanted to name the kernel Freax, but Ari instead gave him a folder called “linux” to upload his kernel to. The Linux name came from “Linus’ Minix” which was the operating system Linus was trying to replace for himself.

UBUNTU:

The numerical name for the release is based on the year and month of the release, e.g., version 10.04 was released in April of 2010

Ubuntu(oo-BOON-too)comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages of Africa roughly meaning “humanity towards others.”

DEBIAN:

Each stable Debian release has an associated version number (1.0, 2.0, etc.), but it also has a code name based on a character from the movie 1995 movie Toy Story

Debian got its name from Ian Murdock, creator of the Debian distribution. He named the distribution after his girlfriend Debra Lynn by combining her name and his into “DEBIAN”.

REDHAT:

Redhat received is name because red hats have been the symbol of freedom and revolution in both US and France

FEDORA:

Fedora got its name from the redhat logo in which Shadowman,the man in the logo, wears a red fedora hat.