Ecology II

1

Term Definition

Habitat A place where organisms live

Population A group of individuals of the same species in a particular location.

Community All of the populations of species in a given area.

Ecosystem The community, together with the physical and chemical environment of a particular area.

Biosphere All the earth's ecosystems interacting with the physical environment. This includes all life as well as the earth itself and the atmosphere.

Ecological

Niche

The role an organism plays in its community, including its habitat and its interactions with other organisms.

Succession The series of changes in a community over time.

Pioneer

species

These are the first species to occupy a new habitat, starting new communities

Climax

community

This is the stable community that is reached, beyond which, no further succession occurs.

Taiga Russian word meaning swampy moist forest, boreal forest

2

Two types of succession

A. Primary Succession1. starts with bare rock or there is little or no soil2. first stage is called pioneer.

a) plants that can break down rock with acids —pioneer species

3. often takes an extremely long time, as no soil and few available nutrients for plants

3

4

5

B. Climax Community1. final, stable stage plants are called the climax species.2. when an area has these plants it is called a climax community.3. Examples:

a) New England forest: beech, sugar maple, or white birchb) Southeastern forest: oak, hickory, or pine c) Northwestern forest: Western Hemlock, Western Redcedar

6

D. Secondary Succession

1. When climax habitat destroyed then secondary succession takes place.

2. Causes of destruction:

7

Volcanic Activity Flood/Landslide

Tsunami Wildfire

8

9

10

E. From Lake to Forest1. sediments collect on

bottom of lake filling it in

2. goes through same stages as forest

3. becomes marsh, then bog, then land

• Bozeman Science https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49IovRSJDs

• Succession Flash Presentation http://www.mrphome.net/mrp/succession.swf%20ion%20Flash%20Presentation

11

12

A large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups, which are adapted to that particular environment.

13

14

1. Rainfall is 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) a year2. Temperature range is -12 to -6°C or 10 to

20°F 3. Location(s): Northern Latitudes, Artic &

Antarctic4. Special feature: layer of frozen ground year-

round called permafrost.

15

Lichens reindeer mosses

low shrubs grasses

arctic foxes, wolves, and polar bears

lemmings, voles, caribou, arctic hares and squirrels

mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers, blackflies and arctic bumble bee

ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, sandpipers, terns

Producers

Consumers

16

17

18

19

20

1. Rainfall is 40-100 cm a year

2. Temperature range is -40°C to 20°C, average summer temperature is 10°C

3. Location(s): 50° and 60° north latitudes , Canada, Russia

4. Special feature: fog & low evaporation creates wet, acidic rain.

21

spruce Some birch, maple

fir pine

hares, chipmunks, shrews bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf

woodpeckers, hawks Moose, deer, elk

Producers

Consumers

22

23

Special feature of all forests:

A. layers are called strata

B. a series of layers is called vertical stratification

C. layers include

1. top : canopy

2. upper middle: shade-tolerant understory

3. Lower middle: ground layer

4. bottom: forest floor

D. each of these layers has their own set of enviromental conditions

24

1.Rainfall is 75 to 150 cm a year

2.Temperature range is -30°C to 30°C, yearly avg. 10°C

3.Location(s): Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China, and Japan

25

Maple, Oak Beech, Chestnut

Bedstraw, rhododendron Elm, Hickory

Black bears Fox

Chipmunks, squirrels Raccoons

Producers

Consumers

26

http://www.glogster.com/rhyannon/temperate-deciduous-forest/g-6mdce3v1mvv0es731ekrha0?old_view=True

Temperate Coniferous Forest or Temperate Rainforest

1. Rainfall is 50 to 200 cm a year

2. Temperature range is -30°C to 30°C, yearly avg. 10°C

3. Location(s): Western United States, Canada, Europe, China, and Japan

27

pine, cedar, fir, redwood red alder, bigleaf maple, mountain ash

Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce rhododendrons, daisies,dandelions

mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox, and black bear

deer, elk

squirrels, rabbits, skunks great horned owls, woodpeckers,

Producers

Consumers

28

29

1. Rainfall is 125 to 660 cm a year2. Temperature range is 34 °C to 20 °C with high

humidity3. Location(s): near the equator, Tropic of Cancer 23.5

S to Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 N4. Special features:

A. no climax speciesB. poor (not fertile) soil

30

Orchids, mosses, lichens 2,500 species of vines

Shrubs, Epiphytes (air plants)

broad-leaved evergreen trees

Gorilla sloth spidermonkeys

Toucans, parrots, macaws

Snakes, tree frogs Leopards

Producers

Consumers

31

http://www.imageek.biz/13183-tropical-rainforest-biome-page-5

32

Other names; prairie, steppes, savanna (tropical)

1. Rainfall is 50.8 to 88.9 cm; 50.8 to 127 cm (savanna ),

2. Temperature range -40° C to 38° C

3. Location(s): middle latitudes, in the interiors of continents: Argentina, USA, Russia, Africa

4. Special features: Rich top soil

33

Grasses Cottonwoods, oaks, and willows — along rivers

Buffalo Grass, Sunflower, Asters, Goldenrods, Clover

Coyotes, eagles, bobcats, wolfs, turkeys, Geese, crickets, beetle, bison, meadowlarks

Giraffes, zebras, buffaloes,.snakes, worms, termites, beetles, lions, leopards, hyenas, and elephants

Kangaroos, dingo, emu

Producers

Consumers

34

35

Desert

Types: hot & dry, semiarid (Oregon), coastal, cold

1. Rainfall is 2-4 cm a year

2. Temperature range is 38°C (day), -3.9°C (night) avg.

3. Location(s): 15° and 35° lat. N. & S. equator ; Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin

4. Special features:

a) little plant vegetation

b) wide spacing of plants

c) Organisms are highly adapted to water shortage

i. cacti have spines & succulent stem(s)

ii. kangaroo rat excretes highly concentrated urine

iii. most animals are small in size

36

5 Desert

37

Cacti, mesquite, creosote bush

Juniper, pines, Joshua Trees

Rabbit Brush, Sagebrush Grasses, paintbrush, lupine

Jackrabbit, kangaroo rats, ground squirrels

Snakes, lizards

Hawks, Turkey Vultures, Roadrunners

Wolves, coyotes

Producers

Consumers

38

39

Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Plants Animals

Tundra

Taiga/

Boreal

Temperate

Deciduous

Forest

Coniferous

Deciduous

Forest

Tropical

RainForest

Desert

Grassland

Color the map according to the clues listed below. You may need to look at a map of North America if you

get stuck. Place a check mark in the box once you have completed that step.

1. The dotted lines represent the border between the U.S. and Mexico and Canada. All other lines show biome borders. Color the U.S.

borders (dotted line) red.

2. Northern Canada and Alaska are tundra –color the tundra light blue

3. Most of Canada is boreal forest. Color the boreal forest dark green.

4. The west coast of the U.S. is mainly Temperate forest where California is. The east coast, all the way to the center of the countryis also

Temperate forest. Color the Temperate forest light green.

5. The Midwest (middle of the country) is temperate grassland. Color the grassland yellow.

6. The eastern edge of Mexico and Central America, Hawaii, and the Caribbean Islands are all tropical rain forests. Color those purple.

7. There is a northwest coniferous forest located in the far corner of the U.S (northwest). Color the northwest coniferous forest brown.

8. The great lakes and the lakes in Canada are freshwater. Find each freshwater lake and color it pink.

9. The bodies of water surrounding the continent are salt water. Color the coastal areas dark blue.

10. The western region of the U.S. as well as Northern Mexico is desert. Color the desert orange.

11. The western edge of Mexico is temperate forest. Color it the same color as you did the other temperate forests.

12. Color code the squares at the bottom to match your biome colors.

13. Label the countries: U.S.A., Canada, Mexico

40

41