Celtic pre-history

• Beaker folk, circa 2000 BC• Urnfield culture, circa 1200 BC

Maps of Beaker folk (l) and Urnfield culture (r)

Urnfield culture burial urns

Held in the Universitätsmuseum für Kulturgeschichte, Marburg, Hesse, Germany.

Celtic pre-history

• Indo-European• Common Celtic, circa 1000 BC• P and Q Celtic, circa 300 BC

Indo-European

Germanic Romance/Latinate

Common Celtic(all Continental

Celtic dialects now extinct)

Q Celtic/Goidelic P Celtic/Brythonic

Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Cumbric (Cumbric extinct)

Irish, Scottish, Manx

English and modern Germanic languages

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian

Son of = macHead = ceann

Son of= map, apHead = pen

Hallstatt culture, c.1200-500 BC (yellow) and La Tene, 500 BC-500 AD (green)Hallstatt excavated by Johann Georg Ramsauer in the mid-19 th century CE. La Tene excavated in mid-19th century.

Illustration of Hallstatt graves, discovered in 1846 in Austria

Hochdorf burial goods, 6th century BCDiscovered near Hochdorf an der Enz, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Some pieces at the on site museum, others at the Kunst der Kelten, Historiches Museum, Bern.

Hochdorf sword

Hochdorf shoes

Hochdorf drinking horn

Hochdorf crater, with lion decoration

Hochdorf gold torque