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Richard Northcott

lll , - Introduction 3' 1i: ll' '

1 How Sound Moves 4

2 Low Sounds, High Sounds 6

3 Your Voice 8

4 M usicat lnstruments 10

5 M usic Around the W ortd 12

6 Orchestras and Concerts 14

7 Rhythm 16

8 Recordinj Music 189 Buying M usic 20

10 Sound and Noise 22

Activities 24

Projects 44Picture Dictionary 46

About Read and Blscover 48

O XTO RDUNIVERSITY PRESS1

i1

U'NIAJERSIT'F Prtzsss

Great Clarendon Street Oxford oxz 6DPOxford University Press is a depal-tment of the Universit'yof Oxford. It furthers the Urtiversity's objective of excelienceïn research, scholarslùp, and eclucation by publishingworldwide inOxford New YorkAuckland Cape Town Dar es Salaarn Hong Kong KarachiIfuala Lurrzpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City NairobiNew Delhi Shanghai Taipei 'IbrontoWith taffices inArgentina Austria Brazil Chiie Czech Republic F'ranceGreece Guatemala Hungal'y ltaly Japan Poland PoltugalSingapore 501.1th Ktnrea Switzerland Thailartd TurkeyUkraine Vietnamoxlzou.o and oxyop.D ENGLI SH are registered tracle marksofoxferd University Press iln the UK antl in certain othercountries

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ls IIN : 978 () 19 464384 ç)

An Audio CD Pack containing this 17c)01.: and a CD is a1s()available Is BN 975 o 19 46.1.42.4. 2The CD has a choice of Alnerican all:l Britisll Engli Shrecorclings of the complete tttxt .

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ACKNOWLEDGE MENTSJllustmfftlcs hy: Alan Rowe pp.24, 30, 34. 41, 42. 46, 47., KellyIfennedy pp.4, 19, 22' 1an Moores pp.5, 7, 8 15, 28' DusanPavlic/Beehive lllustration pp.24, 30, 34, 38, 42. 46, 47.The J'QH./skt'r.î TISI;i/J/J also like &.' tékank j'hs'-fp//tlls/fnçffp- P7t?f?- kintipcrTrlfssftlrë 170 reprpclucc phologrflphs tlnl. aîht?r crlpyrfght l'nt:f'fv-zi:Alamy 17.4 (Andrew Fox), 7 (Fine -&l't Commercial/baby),9 (Tarelt Elluan/singing lesson), 12 (Peter Horree/gamelan,GM Photo Images, tango band), 13 (ltlausqverner Friedrich/ltoîo player), 15 ('T'he Prinf Collecror), 16 (Giarlni Muratore),2 1 (Eddie Gerald/graniophone), 22 (Tim. Cuffl', Corbis pp.9(@ IIA-A N-/tkxlll-lsl-lllç/Reutei's/throat singer). 13 (@ FrédéricSoltan/sygma/sitar player), 14 ((() Jacques Sal-rat/syglnal, 17 (@Ancly Itain/epa/bandl; Getty lmages pp.7 (David llrazier/stone/truck), 17 (altrendo images/llamenco), 20 (Ryan Mcvay/stoile),23 (Matt Gray/stonel' Oxford Universlty Press pp.3, 10, 11,18, 19, 21 (cassettes and cdsl; Photolibral'y 13T3.6 (David Deas),21 (lïric Nathan/Britain on Wew/jukebox).kl/rïlh lh(I'I1k.s rtl Azltzry Ctlistmft)r chtpckin.g ruusïc conttfnt

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='D . cc 71.'c ..a' o,. No read anU GISCOVer

bout sound and usic!ore a

H ow does sound m ove through the air?

The air is m ade of billions of m olecules.

The m olecules are very sm all, so you can't

see them .

Your voice pushes the m olecules. T he

m olecules m ove like waves in the ocean.

T he m ovem ents of the m olecules are

called sound waves.

T he sound waves from loud sounds go

far.-fhe sound waves from quiet sounds

don't go far.

W hen you spealt, sing, or shout, the sound

of your voice m oves through the air. The

sound goes to other people, and they hear

it. Sound m oves very fast.

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. r # . ' - (? r 1) , ,,.s # so tj j.l é m oves th ro U g h'tt,iuss,aw.;,,,.p,>air at about 350 m eters persecond. The sound of a busm oves faster than the bus!

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G0 to pages 24-25 f0r activities.

Som e sounds are 1ow and som e sounds

are high.W e can hear 1ow sounds and

high sounds everywhere. A plane m akes

a low sound, but when birds sing, they

m ake a high sound.

Think about the strings of a guitar. The

thin strings m ake a high sound and the

thick strings m alte a 1ow sound.

The thin guitar strings vibrate fast.You can't

see them m ove. The thick strings vibrate

slowly. These different types of vibration are

called frequency. The sound of the thin

strings has a high frequency.The sound of

the thick strings has a 1ow frequency.

A baby's cry m altes a high sound and it has

a high frequency. A truck m akes a 1ow

sound and it has a low frequency. A baby's

cry is m ade of lots of thin sound waves. The

sound w aves from a truclc are thicker.

Everyone's voice is different. A m an's voice

is usually lower than a wom an's voice.

Put your hand on the front of your throat

and say som ething.W hen you speakn your

throat vibrates. ln your throat, you have

vocal cords.W hen you speak, air from your

lungs goes between your vocal cords, and

your vocal cords vibrate. W hen you sing, you use your m outh, your

throat, and your chest.You m alte your vocal

cords shorter or longer, so that you can sing

high notes or 1ow notes. Singers can learn<,

' 14

how to use thelr bodyn . 4, ,,

m )) '. ,.SO that they can slng ',j;',( :.. .$j ij.: ./. ?.. ,t.?'.. . .:better. Som e slngers

(have teachers who ,v,v . ,.- ,

,,.. '

,' .LLb.j ' .tyh$'1t8@'12,

' . .j. . y. j..', . ' t , yrtz &u'T

,help thenn . . , . , .r,,,t ' ,' ''.,) -. . . J$ . s r z'' . , .r, , t

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'; ;L .b'''' ' ' '''k . : 7 ' ' ' ; '' k 1.. ' . ' . ! ' 1, ..

slng tWO notes at the sam e tlm e. ' , ,, 'They are catted throat-singers. v* ,. ..' '

s $t .' ' ,. '. i g, tj t . .. 7# ' , ;. . . . $( (. '' ï . : â: '

u ' . '' ' ''' 1'ï

.v' ' ) )J. . )'.' S. .

yjyr yy ,. . . yjjtj; ttyyyyy ,G 0 to pages 28- 29 f or actlv Itl es . t..yr)y,y.yj

yj j , r 4 y.$W..0. . z

Let's look at different m usical instrum ents.

Som e are called w ind instrum ents. Players

use air from their lungs when they play a

wind instrum ent.

Trum pet players press the trum pet on

their lips and they blow air into the

trum pet. T heir lips vibrate, then the air in

the trum pet vibrates and m altes a sound.

i)..

W hen a drum m er hits

a drum , the air in the

drum vibrates and

m altes a sound. Other

instrum ents, like

cym bals or xylophones,

m ake a sound when the

player hits them . These

instrum ents are called

percussion instrum ents.

G uitars, violins, and cellos are stringed

instrum ents. G uitar players pluck the strings

of a guitar, but violin and cello players use a

bow. T hey touch the strings with the bow

and the strings vibrate.

A round the w orld you can tind thousands

of different m usical instrum ents.

ln Bali in Indonesia, there are orchestras

called gam elans. In a gam elan there are lots

of different percussion instrum ents.The

players in a gam elan usually sit on the floor.

T he bandoneon is a type of wind

instrum ent. lt's like a box with air inside.

You squeeze it and it m akes a sound. ln

Argentina, you can listen to bandoneon

players in the streets.

T he ltoto is a stringed instrum ent from

Japan. lt has 13 strings. Koto players pluckthe strings with their thum b and two

fingers.The players m ove the sm all, white

bridges to m ake different notes.

The sitar is a stringed instrum ent from

lndia. It isn't easy to play. lt has lots of

strings. Som e sitars have 23 strings.

T he m usicians in an orchestra listen to their

instrum ent, and to a11 the other instrum ents

at the sam e tim e. T he m usicians watch their

conductor, too.

M usicians in an orchestra always practice

before a concert. W hen they practice, the

conductor som etim es tells them to play

slow er, or m ore loudly. C onductors m ove

their hands and arm s to help the orchestra.

N ot a11 room s are good for concerts. In a

room with flat w alls, the sound of the m usic

can bounce off the walls and m alte an echo.

ln concert halls, the w alls are not flat. They

are usually m ade of different panels. T he

sound bounces in different ways so there's

no echo.

W hen you listen to m usic, you som etim es

want to tap your foot.W hen you listen to

m usic with a strong rhythm , you want to

dance.

W hat is rhythm ? Sing your favorite song,

and tap your foot, too.T he sound of your

foot is the rhythm of the song. The rhythm

of a roclt band is strong.W hen you listen,

you want to m ove or dance.

Today there's m usic everywhere. People

listen to m usic at hom e or in their car.

W ith an M P3 player, they can listen to

their favorite songs when they are on a

train or w alking in the streets.

W here does a song com e from ? First: a

songwriter writes a song and m usicians play

it.-l-hey practice, then they play the song in

a recording studio in front of a m icrophone.

ln the studio, a sound engineer uses

recording equipm ent and records the song.

N ow the song is a lot of digital signals.The

sound engineer uses a com puter and works

with the signals.This m akes the sound of

the song better.

, , - .. yj 'ow.,..

. . f t. ' t::yy . ... .. . .,;) , . ..

r )jj($r,. :,q));f, , . . , yyqky.. . .

.: d::::'-,. . iE. îjj(;4...j))LLLjfL?,j((.-àq, $)q;î. ,t)jj

,-' Ct '+.jljj';lt The f i rst sou nd record i ngs. .ï(iëï.')q :....j:, .,.t:.

were about 130 years ago.The first m icrophones weretike big trumpets.

.,')t' Go to pages 38-39 f0r activities.

In the past, it w asn't so easy to buy m usic.

About 100 years ago, people started to

buy records.They played them on record

players. Later, there were big jukeboxesin cafés. ln a jultebox there were about50 records. People put coins in the julteboxand it played their favorite song. About

40 years ago, there w ere cassettes.They

w ere good because people played them

in their cars. Then about 30 years ago,

there were com pact discs, or CD s.

Today, people can buy m usic on the

lnternet. The m usic com es to their

com puter or phone. The m usic is m ade of

thousands of digital signals.T hese signals

stay on the com puter or phone, and people

can listen to the m usic when they want.

People can also m ove the m usic from their

com puter to their M P3 player.

D on't listen to very loud m usic with

earphones. It can hurt your ears. O ther

loud noises can be good, like the sound

of a car. It tells youn KA car is com ing.

D on't cross the street nowo' Alw ays listen

carefully before you cross the street.

Listen to m usicn listen to people's voices,

listen to the w ind. U se your ears and listen

to a11 the sounds around you!

.,,()lp GO to pages 42-43 for activities.

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L (1i' )/ tucks them.p ayer, ,...!1: p

2 Xylophones are wind / percussion instruments.

3 Att stringed / wind instruments have strings.

4 PEayers ptuck the strings or use a drum / bow.

5 Cellos / Trumpets and ftutes are wind instruments.

6 W hen the air / voice in a trumpet vibrates, itmakes a sound.

3 Com ptete the sentences about you.W rite can or cant

1 I ptay the guitar.

2 1 si ng .

3 I ptay the trum pet.

4 W rite about your friends and fam ily.

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;EToday, peopte have P3 songs. fi,,).,1..)(tl. '.i#g., t q'iit ;t:ja a e-n 1:, bavo la Ars. )')).t')i.. . k.'j'''', : : jj.l ir:) (' 1

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1 Peopte can buy m usic on the Internet.

2 About 100 years ago, peopte had CDs.

3 Peopte had jukeboxes in their homes.

j ds 'n ' keboxes4 T ere Were recor I Ju .. E .

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6 Cassettes came Later than CDs.l è .

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ukeboxes in cafe-s.JAbout 100 years ago'

catted CDS.Later, they tistened to

q peopte had record( Today, peopte can buy tayers

.i ! p) Compact discs atey have an M P3 ptayer?

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Find and w rite the w ords.

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Com ptete the sentences.. '

CDs everywhere hom e )1

Internet ptayer songs

I tike m usic. There are tots of on my

com puter. l have an M P3 , so I can

Listen to music . W hen I want to buy

a new song' I buy it on the . M y

m other and father have . They tisten

to their CDs at or in the car.

9

10

W rite the words.

cat wind earphones

car jackhammer street

Com ptete the sentences.

animacs bad com ing car m easure listen

1 W e sound in decibets.

2 Sounds of m ore than 120 decibels can be

for your ears.

3 Some can hear better than peopte.

4 The sound Of a can hetp us.

5 It tetts us, 'A car is .'

6 Atways before yOu cross the street.

4 Answer the questions.

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i h d in decibets.1 W e measure / ear soun

2 A jackhammer / voice is about 100 decibets.

3 It's bad / good to tisten to toud musicw ith earphones.

4 Some toud noises can be / is good.

5 Cats can see / hear more sounds than peopte.

1

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1 H0w many decibets are peopte's voices when

they speak?

2 Is the sound of a car a quiet sound?

3 Is the noise of a jackhammer very toud?

4 Do you tike the sound of the w ind?

5 W hat sounds do y0u tike?

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