History:

Record of past events is known as history.

Constitutional:

The act or process of composing, setting up, or establishing

The system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions,

and limits of a government or another institution.

That written instrument by which the powers of government are established, limited,

defined and distributed.”

1. it is the supreme law of the land

2. it is the framework within which government power can be understood

Law

Take in action only an external act of individual

The system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions,

and limits of a government or another institution.

It work only an eternal act, like killing someone, Theft and Rape etc. It cannot

applicable on internal act like thinking Etc.

Government

Legislature:

A body of persons elected or invested with the power to make laws,

Go

vern

men

t

Legislature

Judiciary

ExactiveParlimentory

Presidentioal

An officially elected or otherwise selected body of people vested with the responsibili

ty and power to make laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation.

Judiciary:

A system of courts of law for the administration of justice. Independent and professional judges are the foundation of a fair, impartial, and

constitutionally guaranteed system of courts of law. This independence does not

imply judges can make decisions based on personal preferences, but rather that

they are free to make lawful decisions even if those decisions contradict the government or powerful parties involved in a case.

Exactive:

The executive is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for

the daily administration of the state.

The executive branch executes the law.

The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of

the separation of powers.

Exactive depends upon on the nature of government.

Parliamentary Government

Presidential Government

Parliamentary Government

PM + Cabnet is known as Parliamentary Government

There is a relation between legislature and Exactive.

Presidential Government

President + CabnetIs known as Presidential Government

There is not any relation between legislature and Exactive.

State: State is a combination orassociation of persons in the form of government and

governed and united together into a politically organizedpeople of a definite territory.

No State Government

1 State consists of population, territory, government and sovereignty. Government is part of the state

2 State possesses original powers. Powers of the government are derived from the state

3 State is permanent and continues forever. Government is temporary It may come and go.

4 State is abstract and invisible. Government is concrete

and is visible.

The elements of the state

There are four elements of the state.

Population: Population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species who liv

e in the samegeographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state.

Greek thinkers were of the view that the population should neither be too big nor too

small.

According to Aristotle,the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should

be large enough to be self-sufficing and small enough to be well governed.

Territory: There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and

organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory

of the state includes land, water and air – space.

The modern states differ in their sizes. Territory is necessary for citizenship.

Government: Government is the third element of the state. There can be no state without

government. Government is the working agency of the state. It is the political

organization of the state.

Government is the agencythrough which the force of the State is formulated,

expressed and realized.

Sovereignty The word “sovereignty” means supreme and final legal authority above and beyond

which no legal power

Supreme and independent power or authority in government aspossessed or claime

d by a state or community.

Types of Government due to power:

Unitary

Policy emanates from the center and is absolute

Federal

Plenary powers of government are divided between central and local governments

Ideology of Pakistan Ideology:

A set of ideas aiming at explaining the total reality of social, Political, economic and

sometimes religious life of the peoples.

Religious:

System of believe and worship.

Nation:

Nation refers to a group of peoples Possessing common values, Language, Culture,

History and Sometime religious.

Ideology of Pakistan

Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the

Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on

the Islamic principles.

• Ideology of Islam is the ideology of Pakistan

Two Nation theory:

Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam."

From the above statement, it is clear that ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one.

Difference between Islam & Hinduism

“Islam & Hinduism are not only two religions but they are also two different

social systems. These two nations are related to two different civilizations that base

on such thoughts which are cons to each other. These ideologies are different to

each other. Hindus and Muslims cannot create a common nationhood. So Muslims

are in need of a separate homeland where they can spend their lives socially,

economically and politically according to their faith.”

Muslim being a Nation:

Religion:

Hinduism is a Monist religion. One God but many forms, aspects and incarnations.

While Islam is a Monotheistic.

Hinduism has no founder or date of beginning.

Islam was founded by the prophet Mohamed in the 7th century.

Hinduism believes in reincarnation until a person attains enlightenment and joins

God. For all people including non-Hindus.

Islam believes in one life and then resurrection on the Day of Judgment. When the

good go to Heaven and the evil go to Hell.

Language:

There were language difference between Muslims and Hindus. Muslims used to

speak Persian but the Hindus used to speak Hindi.

History:

There is a different history of Muslims and different history of Hindus.

Social difference:

The social structure of hinduism is based on the varna and jati systems. Varna

system categories society into four sections based on personality characteristics and

activies: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra but in Islam all Muslims are equal.

Economic System:

There is too much economic difference between Muslims and Hindus economic

system. Hindus economic system is totally based on interest but there is no concept

of interest in Qur’an

Religious difference, Language difference, history difference, social difference and

Economic system etc. were the base of ideology of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan is

only on the base of Islam.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: 1817-1898 Sir Syed Ahmed khan was a great Muslim Scholar and Reformer. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was born on Oct 17, 1817 in Delhi.

In 1939 he Joined East India company as Record Keeper(NaibMunshi), he rose to the position of chief Assessment Official ( Chief Judge in some references).

In 1846 he become a writer and he wrote many books which includes

Asar-us-Sanadid Risal-I-Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind Indian Musalmans

Essay on the life of Muhammad (PBUH)

In 1857 During his employment at Bijnor , he saved the lives of British Women and Children at risk of his life. In 1857 he also wrote a book named “the causes of Indian revolt.

In 1868, he went England and visited educational institutions. The University of Cambridge impressed him the most. This visit provided him an opportunity to think

over and give a final shape to his plan to establish institutions in India. Worked Member of Governor General’s LegislativeCouncil (1878-1883)

He was appointed as Member of Public Service Commissionin 1887.

The Governmentof that time centered the Title of SIR on him in 1888.

Great Scholar and Leader died on 27th March 1898, at Aligarh, India.

Ali Garh Movement: The Aligarh Movement was founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, The Services which Sir Syed Ahmed khan rendered for the Muslims are known as

the Aligarh Movement

Causes of Ali Garh Movement: After the War of independence of 1857 the British did not trust on Muslims,

according to them British thought Muslims were only cause of War of Independence. As a result they adopted policy of oppression and repression towards Muslims.

Suffering of Muslims Doubled when Muslims refused to send their Children to Missionary/ European and Government Schools because they hated English Language.

The British Government Excluded the Muslims from reasonable government Jobs.

Objectives of Ali Garh Movement:

I.To create an atmosphere of Mutual understanding between the British Government

and Muslims.

II.To persuade Muslims to learn English Education.

III.To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation. IV.To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim Community.

Works of Ali Garh movement:

Farsi MaddarsaMuradabad in(1858)

Establishment of Scientific Society in 1863 for the translation of English books in urdu.

In 1866 Aligarh Institute Gazzatte(rasala)

{MAO} Muhammadan Anglo Oriental School in (1872)

{MAO} Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College, Aligarh (1877)

Muhammadan Educational Conference (1886)

Aligarh Muslim University ( His Dream came into being in 1920 after 22 years of his

death.)

Results of Ali Garh Movement: Establishment of Islamic Institutions

Promotion of Western Education especially English. Improvement in the life of the Muslims Unity of the Muslims after War of Independence

Promotion of Urdu improvement of Political Leadership among Muslims.

All India Muslim League was founded by Ali Garh movement Syed Ahmed’s Aligarh Movement played a significant role in bringing about an

intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims, thus he succeeded in achieving his objectives, which were Educational Progress and Social Reform.

His efforts earned Sir Syed the title “Prophet of Education”, Education is actual base of Pakistan.

Partition of Bengal: Partition of Bengal was the most important event during the rule of Lord Curzon. It

was carried out mainly for the convenience of administration. Bengal in those days

was the biggest province of India extending over 1, 89, 000 square miles with a

population of 85 million.

Partition began due to the following issues:

POULATION: Largest province due to its population which was at about 85 million peoples. It was

very difficult to maintain their economic life.

Area:

The Province was spread over the area of 1, 89, 000 square miles, which was too

vast to be managed by one lieutenant Governor. He could not make a tour for the

whole province due to its vastness once in his tenure.

Limited Sources of Communication:

The sources of communication in the provinces were limited due to rivers and

forests. The communication was not effective in this province due to large area and

large population.

Administration:

The administration was weak due to large area and large population.The law and

order condition of the provinces was also worst due to insufficient police and in-

efficient management. Therefore the need of partition of province was felt severally.

Partition: The Partition of Bengal was thus calculated to restore efficiency in the Government

and administration on one hand and encouraged local initiatives for progress and

development on the other. Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal and formed two new

provinces of manageable size – East and West Bengal. East Bengal consisted of

Dacca, Mamansingh, Assam, Kaula, Rangpur, and Bogra district, the Dacca was

capital of East Bengal constituted a majority MuslimProvince, while the Bihar and

Orissa constituted a separate province to be called as West Bengal with the capital

of Calcutta and become the Hindu Majority provinces.

East Bengal contained a population of eighteen million Muslims and twelve million

Hindus. Whereas West Bengal had a population fifty four million of which 42 million

where Hindus and thus was the Hindu majority province.

The partition of the Bengal was the vertical partition. In east Bengal and west

Bengal. Partition of Bengal:

Muslims’ Response It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would bring

the emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the

Partition of Bengal for the following reasons:

1. Numerical Superiority of the Hindus eliminate. They would get

opportunities of services and advancement of agriculture. 2. The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in majority was the centre of

Muslim culture. In Dacca Muslims had a great chance of success for social and

cultural advancement than in Calcutta. 3. it was beneficial for the administration to maintain law and order situation

in the province. 4. The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus,

who were more advanced in every field of life.

East Bengal

Capital= Dhakka

Region= Dhakka and Assam

ports= Chita king, Messorisingh

population= 31 millions

population division

18 millions muslims

12 millians Hindus

01 millions Other

West bengal

capital= Calcata

Regions= CAlcata, Bihaarand Orisa

population= 54 million

population division

42 Millions hindus

09 millians muslims

03 millians other

Hindus Response The Hindus did not accept it, as it dealt a telling blow to their monopolies and

exclusive hold on economic, social, Political life of the whole of Bengal. They called it

as a deliberate attempt by British Government

1. Indian national congress (INC) did not accept it because they were the

believer of nationalism. 2. Hindu lawyers also reacted to the partition of Bengal because they

thought that the new province would have its separate courts and thus their practice

would be affected. 3. Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had

their monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were afraid that new

newspapers would be established which would decrease their income naturally.

4. The Hindus launched Swadeshi Movement whose sole purpose was to

boycott of British goods. Annulment of the Partition

In 14 December 1911 partition of Bengal Demolished/Canceled just because of

Hindus because they did not accept this partition because it was in the favor

of Indian Muslims.

Shimla Deputation: The group of Muslim leaders who meat lord Minto in Oct 1906 to put minimum

demands of Indian Muslims.

Causes of Shimla Deputation:

1) TheMuslims had watched the reaction of the Hindus to the partition of Bengal with

dismay. They saw a massive wave of organized protest which they feared would

result in the partition of Bengal being reversed. They knew that they, the Muslims,

were not able to provide such a level of protest to maintain the Partition.

2) The Muslims were disturbed by the Congress demand that the India should be

treated as a cultural whole and that Hindi should be declared as a national language

3) The election of the Liberal Party was announced in which it was stated that the

British were now going to increase the local participation in the British government of

India through elections. As the Hindus were more in number than the Muslims so

they would, of course, win the elections. The Muslim leaders thought that it was the

time to act.

Demands of Shimla Deputation:

Separate electorate:

They demanded the introduction of Separate electorate in India. The principle of Separate Electorate in India implied as demanded by the Muslims in 1906 that the

Muslims should elect the Muslim representatives that is for electing Muslim representatives only Muslims should vote and for electing others those communities

should vote. So that Muslims should be in a position to elect their own representatives that will go to the different institutions of India and represent their point of view. This demand of the Separate Electorate was the key demand the most

significant demand the Muslims made at that time and this demand was accepted by the British in 1909.

Three year later the principle of Separate Electorate was introduced in British India and it remained effective there until 1947.

Share in jobs:

Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs.

Muslim representation:

Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates.

Reservation of seats mean that you make sure that Muslims are represented that certain no. of Muslims would be sitting in these institutions in order to represent their

point of view.

Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council:

They also demanded that they should have Muslim representation in Viceroy

Executive Council. The British Viceroy had an Executive Council and the Indians were its representatives but the Muslim demand was that they should also be accommodated in that Viceroy, Council so that they could represent their demands.

Muslim university at Aligarh:

The last significant demand made was that the college at Aligarh should be elevated

to the status of Muslim University at Aligarh. This was the demand which the

Muslims were advocating for the last several years and this appeared even in this

demand list here.